In pursuit of a program (Jones 1976, 1977) to establish the mass function of stars in the solar neighborhood it has been necessary to establish whether many faint red stars are dwarfs or not. If they prove to be dwarfs then their luminosities are needed to derive their photometric parallaxes. The first approach (Jones 1973) used interference filters with the following wavelengths (in Å): 6076 Window; 6830 CaH; 7100 TiO; 7460 Window. The band passes are all roughly 30 Å. The magnitude difference m(6076) - m(7460) is comparatively free from blanketing by atomic lines and molecular bands and so provides an estimate of color temperature. As shown in the top panel of Fig. 1., the CaH; TiO ratio m(6830) - m(7100) is a powerful discriminant in separating M dwarfs from M giants and supergiants. The color m(7100) - m(7460) measures spectral type; the types so derived prove to be in good accord with those of Morgan and Keenan (1973), Wing (1973, 1978) and Wing et al. (1976). The three lower panels of Fig. 1 show the application of this technique to three objective prism surveys of faint red stars. MBT refers to McCarthy, Bertiau and Treanor (1964) who made a near infrared survey covering 165 square degrees in the South Galactic Cap. The dwarfs can be easily separated when they are redder than m(6067) - m(7460) = -1. The frequency of giants and dwarfs as a function of m(7460) is shown to the right. U refers to Upgren (1960) who made a blue survey covering 400 square degrees in the North Galactic Cap. In contrast to the near infrared, the blue region of the spectrum allows luminosity discrimination. Upgren’s luminosities are in good accord with those derived here. However, working to a fixed blue magnitude limit introduces a bias against the reddest dwarfs which emerges when U is compared with MBT. The lowest panel is based on the square degree area discussed by Murray and Sanduleak (1972) which was based in turn on the near infrared survey by Sanduleak (1964). Most of the interference filter observations were made with the 2.5m

More and more spectra are being generated in digital form from photo-electronic devices. The digital form has important advantages for sky subtraction, telemetry and general analysis but it is cumbersome for publication and quick inspection where the pictorial form is better.

As the IUE satellite is the subject for a series of detailed papers to be published in a forthcoming issue of Nature. we will give only a brief description here. The interested reader should refer to Nature.

The telescope is a Ritchey-Chretien type with a clear aperture of 45 cm. The effective focal ratio is f/15. Two spectrographs can be operated, one, in the low dispersion mode (about 6 A) and another in the high dispersion mode (about 0.1 A). The detectors are SEC Vidicon television cameras. Each spectrograph has two apertures: a 3 arc sec circle and a 10 X 20 arc sec ellipse. The limiting magnitudes for objects observed are V = 8 for hot stars at high dispersion, V = 14 for galaxies at low dispersion. The output is available as plots, magnetic tapes and photowrites. The observatories are located at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. for U.S. observers and Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station, Madrid, Spain for U.K. and E.S.A. observers.