Handwashing is the most important and least expensive measure to prevent transmission of nosocomial infections. However, compliance rarely exceeds 40% under study conditions. Alcoholic hand disinfection (AHD) generally is used in Europe. In contrast, handwashing with medicated soap is practiced most frequently in the United States. Healthcare workers often explain the failure to comply with handwashing or AHD as due to the limited time available for this practice. We calculated a time consumption for handwashing and AHD in a representative model intensive-care unit with 12 healthcare workers, based on different compliance levels (40%, 60%, and 100%), duration of handwashing (40-80 seconds), and AHD (20 seconds). Comparing the extremes of our model, given 100% compliance, handwashing consumes 16 hours of nursing time per day shift, whereas AHD from a bedside dispenser requires only 3 hours (P=.01). We conclude that 100% compliance with handwashing may interfere with patient care and partly explains the low compliance. In contrast, AHD, with its rapid activity, superior efficacy, and minimal time commitment, allows 100% healthcare-worker compliance without interfering with the quality of patient care.

Antimicrobial resistance results in increased morbidity, mortality, and costs of health care. Prevention of the emergence of resistance and the dissemination of resistant microorganisms will reduce these adverse effects and their attendant costs. Appropriate antimicrobial stewardship that includes optimal selection, dose, and duration of treatment, as well as control of antibiotic use, will prevent or slow the emergence of resistance among microorganisms. A comprehensively applied infection control program will interdict the dissemination of resistant strains

This article provides the current recommendations of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) regarding the management of healthcare workers infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For the reasons cited in the article, SHEA now maintains that separate virus-specific management strategies are appropriate for healthcare workers who are infected with these unrelated viruses. SHEA emphasizes the use of appropriate infection control procedures to minimize exposure of patients or providers to blood, emphasizes that transfers of blood from patients to providers and from providers to patients should be avoided, and argues that infected health-care workers should not be prohibited from participating in patient-care activities solely on the basis of their blood-borne pathogen infection. SHEA recommends that hepatitis B e-antigen–positive healthcare workers routinely should double glove and should not perform those activities that have been identified epidemiologically as associated with a risk for provider-to-patient HBV transmission despite the use of appropriate infection control procedures. SHEA also recommends that HCV- and HIV-infected providers use double gloving for procedures, but recommends that these providers not be excluded from any aspect of patient care unless epidemiologically incriminated in the transmission of these infections despite adequate precautions. SHEA argues for comprehensive education concerning bloodborne pathogens for all healthcare providers and trainees and against mandatory pathogen-specific educational requirements for infected providers. SHEA recommends against specific competence-monitoring procedures directed at these healthcare workers infected with bloodborne pathogens, arguing for managing infected providers in the context of a comprehensive approach to the management of all impaired providers. SHEA emphasizes the importance of worker privacy and medical confidentiality. SHEA emphasizes the importance of offering employees who have disabilities reasonable accommodation for their disabilities. The article discusses exposure management in detail and, in general, recommends adherence to existing guidelines for managing exposures to these agents. Finally, SHEA recommends against routine mandatory testing of providers. Specific details and the rationale for these recommendations are included in the body of the article.

This review summarizes data from self-reported and observational studies describing the nature, frequency, and circumstances of occupational blood exposures among US dental workers between 1986 and 1995. These studies suggest that, among US dentists, percutaneous injuries have declined steadily over the 10-year period. Data also suggest that, in 1995, most dental workers (dentists, hygienists, assistants, and oral surgeons) experienced approximately three injuries per year. Work practices (eg, using an instrument instead of fingers to retract tissue), safer instrumentation or design (eg, self-sheathing needles, changes in dental-unit design), and continued worker education may reduce occupational blood exposures in dentistry further.

On 2 successive days in July 1994, six patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting developed postoperative bleeding requiring reexploration. The cause was the use of reprocessed laparotomy sponges with retained detergents, inducing a bleeding disorder.

In view of the important consequences with regard to policies for respiratory isolation of hospitalized patients with active tuberculosis, the duration of contagiousness after initiation of effective therapy was reviewed. All relevant English-language literature was reviewed to identify in vitro, animal experimental, and epidemiological evidence regarding contagiousness of patients with active tuberculosis after initiation of therapy.

Based on in vitro evidence of numbers of tubercle bacilli initially present and rapidity of reduction with therapy, it can be predicted that patients whose respiratory secretions are initially smear-negative but culture-positive should no longer have viable bacilli detectable by culture within 2 weeks. Based on the same evidence, it can be predicted that, after 2 weeks of therapy, almost all smear-positive patients will remain culture-positive, and more than one half will remain smear-positive. There are few epidemiological studies of this issue, most of which have had major methodological weaknesses. None of the results from these studies can be considered relevant to the hospital environment, where the majority of workers are uninfected and patients are potentially immunocompromised.

Animal and in vitro evidence suggest that patients with active tuberculosis remain contagious at least 2 weeks after the initiation of therapy. Patients with smear-positive disease are likely to be contagious much longer. There is no relevant and valid epidemiological evidence regarding this issue.