Some early attempts to graft black pepper are described. Good unions have formed between different clones of Piper nigrum L., and between different species of Piper grown in a glasshouse in the United Kingdom. The structure of pepper stems is considered in relation to the apparent impermanence, in the tropics, of unions that initially appear to be successful.

Chemical weed control in six root crops and fourteen vegetable crops, commonly grown in the tropics, is reviewed.

Plant populations, nitrogen levels and the use of alpha naphthalene acetic acid (ANA) to rein-force natural flower differentiation were compared in a field experiment at Malkerns in the Swaziland Middleveld. Yield was raised by increasing plant population above 17,000 plants per acre, but reached a maximum at 23,000 plants per acre. Increased yield from denser planting occurred at the expense of fruit size and fruit set, and of sucker and slip production. Hormone counteracted the depressing effect of denser planting on fruit set and denser planting reduced sunburn damage and raised fruit acidity. 400 lb N per acre per crop increased yield over 200 lb N by increasing fruit size in the mother crop, and by increasing fruit size and set in the ratoon. Added nitrogen markedly reduced fruit acidity. ANA improved fruit set and therefore yield, without detrimental effects on fruit shape or quality. There are grounds for small increases in population above 17,000 plants per acre, for the use of ANA to reinforce natural flower differentiation and for the cautious use of the higher level of nitrogen fertilization.

Unpublished, or not easily accessible, details are presented on the establishment of the agrometeorological network in Uganda and the collection, analysis and publication of the observations. Some of the agrometeorological research methods commonly used in Uganda are summarized.

The effect of four crops of maize on the distribution of organic nitrogen in ten West Indian soils, given either lime, P, K, Mg and trace elements or no fertilizers, was studied in a greenhouse experiment. The soils were also analysed for ‘available N’ by incubation and chemical methods. Variations in the redistribution of organic N fractions during the greenhouse experiment did not permit conclusions to be drawn on the source of N used by the maize, although the amount of hydrolysable N, particularly hexosamine, amino and hydroxy-amino N, in the initial samples was closely related to N uptake. Part of the chemically stable, non-hydrolysable organic N was broken down by soil organisms during the experiment; this was increased by liming acid soils.

A method is described for constructing a direct-reading scale for leaf area measurement of cereals. The scale is constructed from linear dimensions of leaves, and it enables rapid non-destructive measurements to be made.

The general principles of leaf analysis as a diagnostic method and as a guide to plant nutritional status are outlined and discussed. Factors, other than nutrient supply, that affect leaf composition are mentioned and methods of leaf sampling, preparation and storage are described. The practical application of leaf analysis to fruit, flower, vegetable, tree and miscellaneous economic crops is reviewed and suggestions are made for its use as an advisory aid.

Herbage production from twelve perennial grasses was analysed under two frequencies of defoliation. There were differences in the speed of establishment from seed, Heteropogon contortus, Pennisetum pedicellatum and P. polystachyon being most rapid. Once the grasses were established, the highest yields were obtained from Andropogon gayanus and Brachiaria brizantha and the lowest from Paspalum notatum. Yields were higher at the lower frequency of cutting. There were large differences in production throughout each year, with yields during winter and the dry season (November to April) only about one-tenth of those obtained in the rainy season. A. gayanus, B. brizantha, Chloris gayana and Dichanthium caricosum gave higher yields than other species during winter. Variations in yield between species could generally be ascribed to variations in the extension of leaf area, although some species maintained high net assimilation rates during unfavourable growth periods.

The weights of the branches, stems and roots of two or three year old arabica coffee trees were compared with the diameters of the stumps or stems and with the heights of the trees. No formula could be derived, relating the weight of the plants to one or more non-destructive observations, which was valid for all three treatments to which the trees had been subjected, i.e. stripped of crop when two years old, cropping when two years old, and bearing a crop when three years old. Bearing a crop when two years old resulted in thin, light stems and a poor root system.

The perennial grass Pennisetum polystachyon was grown alone or in mixture with the indigenous legumes Atylosia scarabaeoidesand Clitoria ternata and the exotic species Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes gracilis. Only the last two persisted for more than one or two years. Mean annual yield from the mixture containing Centrosema was 61 to 65 q./ha., of which 20 per cent was legume herbage. The protein content of grass was about 3 to 6 per cent and of legumes 10 to 14 per cent. Mixed swards produced as much protein as in a previous experiment where pure swards of Pennisetum polystachyon received 44. kg./ha. of nitrogen in fertilizer form. Soil nitrogen increased under the Centrosema mixture and yields from the mixture increased during the experiment. Yields of grass herbage from the mixtures were generally lower than those of the grass swards. The reduction in yield of grass grown in mixed swards was mostly due to decreases in the area of foliage rather than to reductions in net assimilation rate.

A tied ridge system of hand cultivation has been practised successfully in parts of Tanzania for many years. Equipment to mechanize this system was devised and constructed by the National Institute for Agricultural Engineering, U.K., particularly for use in areas of marginal rainfall where water conservation is essential. Agronomic trials with this equipment were carried out on three soil types in Northern Tanzania. Records from resistance units showed much better penetration of rainfall under tied ridges than under flat cultivation. Corresponding yield responses in maize were only obtained when the increase in available water made an appreciable difference to conditions of water stress at the time of tasselling and silking. Weeding operations using a ridging body achieved a satisfactory control. After a few modifications to the equipment, especially the incorporation of a small tine to rip the bottom of the basins to improve infiltration, the system of cultivation based on ripping, ridging and tieing proved to be an adequate alternative to ploughing and harrowing for seed bed preparation, and a much more efficient method of water conservation.

An experiment was conducted on peanut inoculation with Rhizobium inoculum, introduced below the planting level at three different soil depths (8, 12 and 15 cm.), to ensure more favourable moisture conditions for proliferation of the root nodule bacteria, and to obviate the need for frequent irrigation. Inoculation on both sides of the peanut rows, after the plants had emerged, was also tested. The number and weight of nodules per plant decreased with increase in placement depth. Side inoculation after emergence of the plants resulted in significantly less plant infection than placement of the inoculum at 8 and 12 cm. depths. Peanut yield and quality after inoculation at 15 cm. depth were significantly lower than at 8 cm. inoculation.

Although bambara groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea) is an important pulse crop in Africa and particularly in Ghana, information on the crop is not only very limited but conflicting, especially as regards flowering and mode of pollination. Both self- and cross-pollination can take place in varying degrees, depending on variety or strain, and this is brought about by two species of ants, Pheidole megacephala and Monomorium pharaonis, without which pollination might be severely limited or prevented altogether. The extent of cross pollination may be greater in varieties or strains with a more open habit, i.e.. varieties resembling the wild uncultivated ancestors, whereas the bunch cultivated types are more likely to be self-pollinated. It is suggested that varieties or strains may show differences in their ability to cross with one another.

The irrigation water treatments in three experiments were based on a ‘water duty’ principle. One cosec of water was assumed to be available to irrigate 96, 211, 326 or 442 acres, representing minimum irrigation cycle times of 5, 11, 17 and 23 days respectively. Each experiment included a rainfed control treatment. The plots were watered as indicated by a soil moisture profit and loss account, but never more frequently than the minimum cycle time would allow. The results showed that maximum productivity could be achieved on a sand when I cosec of water was used to irrigate approximately 200 acres, but on clay maximum productivity was obtained with the largest water duty (442 ac/cusec). Net photosynthetic efficiency reached 3·9 per cent in the most heavily irrigated crops, and rainfall efficiency fell from about 85 per cent for rainfed conditions to about 50 per cent when the maximum amount of irrigation water was applied.

The analysis of a uniformity trial on cassava is briefly discussed, mentioning possible effects of plant losses on the methods of analysis. Two methods of calculating comparable variances, on a per plant and per unit area basis, gave very high values for the index of heterogeneity, with a mean of 0·94. When the ratio of overall cost per plot to cost per unit area lies between one and two, an optimum plot size of between 16 and 32 plants is obtained. The comparable plot sizes would range from 192 to 385 sq. ft and give a coefficient of variation less than twenty.

In a second stock-scion trial with mango in Israel the influence of five rootstocks was investigated. In our first trial, two rootstocks—Sabre and 14·12—had been found suitable and unsuitable respectively. In the second trial, 14·6 and 14·7 were found to be not significantly different from Sabre, 3·2 was found to be somewhat inferior and 14·12 was again unsuitable. The important characters of the 22 varieties grown are described, and an evaluation is attempted of their yield and marketability.

Soil inoculation was tried in field experiments during two seasons using different concentrations and amounts of bacterial suspension and compared with direct seed inoculation of chemically protected and unprotected peanut seed. Soil inoculation gave significantly better results than direct inoculation of chemically protected or unprotected seed.

Large yields of high quality peanuts, which compared favourably with highly nitrogen-fertilized peanuts, were obtained after the application of relatively small amounts (10–40 gm.) of enriched peat inoculant in 5 litres of water per dunam (1/10 ha).

The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in cotton petioles was directly related to the rate of nitrogen applied and was greatest at the earliest sampling date, decreasing as the season progressed. There was an increase in the degree of association between the level of nitrogen applied and petiole nitrate-nitrogen, and between petiole nitrate-nitrogen and final yield, up to the time of early flowering, when peak correlation coefficients were reached, after which there was a decline. The level of petiole nitrate-nitrogen showed high positive correlations with the rate of nitrogen application as well as with yield. The final yield showed a significant, positive and linear regression on the level of petiole nitrate at the time of early flowering. A close relationship was also shown to exist between a critical concentration, represented by a narrow range of nitrogen levels in the neighbourhood of 2000 parts per million, and final cotton yield. Yield reductions were related to the number of days petiole nitrogen remained below the critical concentration. The use of petiole analysis as a guide in the nitrogen nutrition of cotton, in the evaluation of various experimental treatments and as an aid in interpreting research results, was demonstrated.

In 1963 and 1964 a total of 290 cotton trials, 78 groundnut trials and 51 finger millet trials were conducted on small farms in Uganda to determine the effects and profitability of applying ammonium sulphate and single superphosphate under local conditions. The organization and methods of these trials are described and their results discussed. Ammonium sulphate gave highly significant increases in millet and cotton yields, whilst superphosphate produced similar results on groundnuts but was less effective on cotton and unprofitable on millet. Recommendations are made for groundnuts and millet, but a further season's results are thought necessary before recommending fertilizer treatments for cotton. Soil and leaf samples were taken from the trials and analysed, and relevant agronomic field data were recorded. The correlations of these factors with trial yields and responses are discussed. In general, soil and leaf analyses have been disappointing in assessing responses to fertilizers, but these responses tend to be greater where better farming is practised.

Experiments in bulbil nurseries and field sisal were carried out in N.E. Tanganyika, 5°S, 39°E, 200 m. above sea level, at a mean annual rainfall of 1160 mm., on deep red loam. The discussion covers the establishment of sisal through a polythene mulch, the control of weed growth, the persistence of polythene of different thicknesses and from different sources, and some effects on growth of the sisal and on soil properties. A mulch of black polythene improved the growth of bulbil nurseries by 30 per cent or more, due to conservation of soil moisture and elimination of weed competition and disturbance associated with the removal of weeds by hoeing. For nurseries 150-gauge material was preferred, but there were important differences in the persistence of material purchased from two sources. Where black polythene is used in a nursery the density can be increased from 80,000 to 110,000 plants per hectare, to help offset the high cost of the material. A mulch of 250-g. black polythene controlled weeds in field sisal but did not improve growth.