To analyze the characteristics of therapy in patients with diagnosis of MDD and to investigate the frequency of augmentation therapy.

Study included 28 patients hospitalized during one year with MDD diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed with x2 and t-test.

Among patients with MDD there were 18 (64.28%) women with an average age 57.5 and 10 (35.71%) men with an average age 53.5. Of the 28 patients with MDD, 25 (89.28%) were treated with a combination therapy, and monotherapy in the remaining 3 patients (10.71%). Of 25 patients with augmentation strategy treatment, 22 (88%) used two medications and the remaining 3 (12%) tree psychotropic medications (AAP, AD, MS). The most frequent combinations were a combination of AD and AAP (17 patients, 68%). Beyond that frequent combination were AD and MS (6 patients, 24%). Two patients used combination two AAP, and one patient with two AD and one patients used AAP and MS.

Augmentation strategy is often used in patients with MDD. There is no significant difference in the use combination therapy based on gender and age.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

We previously discovered spadin as a new antidepressant drug concept. Spadin exerts its antidepressant actions on the TREK-1 potassium channel, a new antidepressant (AD) target. We have shown that spadin acts more rapidly in comparison to other ADs. We have pointed out that spadin induced neurogenesis after only 4-day treatments. We have demonstrated that spadin did not display side effects at the cardiac level and on TREK-1 controlled functions such as stroke, epilepsy or pain.

With the final goal to make spadin a drug for human clinic, our objective was to find analogs of spadin demonstrating a better affinity or a better in vivo stability or both.

Several analogs of spadin were synthesized. Their ability to block the TREK-1 channel activity were first tested by electrophysiology on HEK293 cells stably transfected with TREK-1 channels. AD effects were measured by using the forced swim test and the novelty suppressed feeding test. Neurogenesis was investigated by measuring the expression level of the synaptic protein PSD-95 in in vitro cultured neurons.

Our data allow us to identify a shortened spadin, called mini-spadin, that displayed the same AD properties as spadin and a 400 fold increase in the TREK-1 affinity. Mini-spadin increased the synaptogenesis marker PSD95 levels after only 24 hours of treatment, suggesting that like spadin, mini-spadin was able to induce neurogenesis and synaptogenesis.

Even if further experiments are required, the mini-spadin appears to be more efficient than spadin offering a very promising alternate to spadin as human drug.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Desvenlafaxine is an antidepressant inhibitor of the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (SNRI). Several publications support its efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms in the short term.

The objective of this paper is to estimate the effect of short-term (12 weeks) of patients with depressive disorder treated with desvenlafaxine.

This is a prospective observational study tracking a cohort of outpatients with depressive disorder treated with Desvenlafaxine for three months. To accomplish our goal we used the Montgomery-Asberg scale performing three measurements (baseline, one month and two months after initiate the treatment). The size of our sample was 24 patients.

We found that in about 80% of patients the treatment was effective, no significant differences in relation to sex, age or treatment dose were reported. Regarding the severity of the symptoms, in the initial assessment 16% of the patients had a mild depressive episode, 70% a moderate episode and about 12% had a severe episode; while in the last evaluation, almost 46% of patients were in recovery, nearly 42% had mild symptoms, 8% moderate symptoms and only 4% had mild symptoms.

We can conclude that the treatment with Desvenlafaxine has been effective at improving in the short-term the depressive disorder, independently of gender, age and dose administered.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Affecting over 120 million people, major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by low mood, lack of interest and a cluster of other vegetative and cognitive symptoms causing significant distress of functioning. It has a relapsing and recurring course and frequently becomes chronic. Thus, there is a need to further develop therapeutic techniques to improve the course and the prognosis of depressive disorders. Recent clinical trials suggest that botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment may also have an antidepressant effect.

The authors aim to conduct a non-systematic review in order to understand the relationship between MDD and BTX treatment.

To assess whether current evidence supports the BTX to treat major depressive patients.

A non-systematic review of English scientific literature was conducted through research in the PubMed search engine, using the keywords “botulinum toxin” and “depression”.

There is a small but growing body of evidence suggesting that botulinum toxin may be useful for the treatment of depression. The main hypothesis for the proposed beneficial effects of botulinum toxin is through the facial feedback. Low mood and depression are often associated with a sad facial expression. Injecting botulinum toxin and improving facial expression would lead to the improvement of depression symptoms.

Positive effects on mood have been observed in subjects who underwent treatment of glabellar frown lines with botulinum toxin. It supports the concept that the facial musculature not only expresses, but also regulates mood states.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Anhedonia is a core dimension of major depressive disorder (MDD). Paradoxically, the association between anhedonia and social impairment is poorly known.

To determine the longitudinal relationships between depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and social functioning in depressed patients treated with agomelatine.

One thousand five hundred and seventy patients with MDD starting treatment with agomelatine prescribed by their GPs were included in a prospective study (follow-up: 10 to 14 weeks). Patients were assessed at baseline and at the end point of the study, using the MADRS to assess antidepressant efficacy, the SHAPS scale and an original visual analog scale exploring the subjective pleasure felt by patients in their main leisure activity to measure anhedonia, and the QFS to measure social functioning in its qualitative and quantitative dimensions. In addition to the univariate analyses, a mediation path analysis was performed using the Sobel test.

The results showed a robust and significant improvement in symptoms of depression, anhedonia, and social functioning. The correlations between the SHAPS and QFS scores were high and significant. Subsequent analyses showed that amelioration of anhedonia is a significant mediating variable between the progression of depressive symptoms and social functioning (Δ QFS G = –14.3, P < 0.0001) and explains around one third of the variance of the model (35.37%).

Anhedonia, a major dimension of depression, provides specific insights into the understanding of the complex links between residual symptoms of MDD and social functioning. In conclusion, improving the evaluation of anhedonia is a fundamental issue in primary care.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Prolonged sick leaves are a major risk to quit the world of work and depression is the leading cause of disability in France. New therapies from the third wave of CBT as the Commitment and Acceptance Therapy (ACT) may be interesting to promote the return to work (RTW).

To assess predictive factors of return to work after depression.

This is a descriptive, prospective and multicentric study. The recruitment of investigating doctors was conducted by the publication of an advertisement in a French journal of occupational medicine. Each investigator recruited patients during reinstatement medical examination after a prolonged sick leave for depressive syndrome. Sociodemographic, occupational, medical and psychological factors (particularly in connection with the ACT) was assessed at baseline and 3 months later.

Thirty-one patients were initially included in the study, but 2 were lost to follow up at 3 months and 29 were analyzed. Twenty three patients RTW at 3 months. Those who RTW were less anxious (P = 0.023), less depressed (P = 0.021), had a better impression of improvement (P = 0.0066) and had a lower score of experiential avoidance (P = 0.0025).

The ACT, through its action on the reduction of experiential avoidance, and the definitions of new life values could allow a faster RTW after a sick leave for depressive syndrome.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Childhood abuse has been reported as a precursor and maintaining factors for adult psychiatric disorders. Childhood physical abuse, neglect and sexual abuse have been independently reported in women with depression. There is a serious dearth of literature on the incidence of childhood abuse among women with depression from India.

We investigated and compared the incidence of childhood abuse (overall) – physical, emotional and sexual (individual components)- among women seeking treatment for unipolar depression (UD) compared to healthy women (HW).

We compared the data of women diagnosed with UD (n = 134) from a larger pool of women seeking treatment for psychiatric disorders from our hospital (n = 609) with HW (n = 100) for the purpose of this study. The participants were screened using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and for childhood abuse using the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Retrospective (ICAST)-R. The incidence of childhood abuse between the two groups was compared using the Chi-squared test.

The UD women have significantly more childhood emotional abuse than HW (69.5% vs 30.5%; χ2 = 4.819, P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups on overall abuse, physical or sexual abuse (all P > 0.16).

Consistent with world literature, significantly more childhood emotional abuse was seen among Indian women with UD compared to HW. It is likely that that repeated emotional abuse in childhood leads to negative attributions among children, later getting generalised to life events resulting in depression in adulthood.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

In both hepatic and cardiac disease, a bidirectional relationship exists between somatic and psychiatric symptoms: is anxiety/depression caused by the somatic burden of the symptoms or the psychiatric symptoms and stress are an important pathophysiologic factor for the somatic disease?

The objectives of our observational study were to see if any differences exist regarding the anxiety level in patients with hepatic versus cardiac disease and if the depressive symptomatology differs between the two groups of patients.

: We conceived a 2X2 study model by including two independent variables (the somatic pathology, hepatic and cardiac) and two dependent variables (anxiety and depression) which included 66 patients (35 with hepatic and 31 with cardiac pathology) who completed both STAI X1 scale for anxiety and BECK scale for depression with good reliability for both scales (Cronbach's alpha value of 0.74 for STAI X1 and 0.76 for BECK), data analyzed with SPSS 17.

We obtained a low level for anxiety (mean = 17.76) and a medium level for depression (mean = 49), both anxiety and depression level being higher in the patients with hepatic disease versus cardiac patients (P > 0.05). The patients with hepatic failure had a higher medium anxiety score (54.66) vs cardiac failure patients (42.61). The depression score was 19.71 in patients with hepatic failure and 15.55 in patients with cardiac failure.

Both anxiety and depression severity scores were increased in patients with hepatic disease vs patients with cardiac disease in the studied groups.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Dysthymia is defined as a chronic mood disorder that persists for at least two years in adults, and one year in adolescents and children. It is important to distinguish it from other types of depression, as early as possible. The therapeutic management of dysthymia is similar to the one used in major depressive disorder.

We report the case of a female patient aged 45, diagnosed with depressive disorder not otherwise specified since she was 20. Her psychopathological progress has gradually become aggravated, having now longer periods of depressive mood and an important tendency towards isolation.

The patient is admitted to the Psychiatric Day Hospital presenting with important depressive symptoms. After various antidepressants were withdrawn, lithium salts were introduced. It is then that the patient starts improving her mood.

– Dysthymia (F34.1).

– Mixed and other personality disorders (F61.0).

In spite of having an appropriate pharmacological, unfortunately, antidepressants improve dysthymia just in 50–70% of patients. Antidepressants resistant dysthymia cases have been studied. In those cases, it has been necessary to add lithium or thyroxine. This confirms that, when it comes to this disorder, there are many neurochemical mechanisms involved, given the positive response to the combination of drugs, notwithstanding the severity of the adverse effects.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Serum BDNF levels are decreased in major depressive disorder (MDD) and tend to normalize under antidepressant treatment, serving as a treatment outcome predictor. BDNF is initially synthetized as precursor protein proBDNF and is cleaved to mature BDNF (mBDNF) while only the latter exerts neurotrophic activity.

The aim was to explore if a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for mBDNF in serum would be superior to the unspecific assessment of total serum BDNF in predicting treatment response in MDD.

Twenty-five patients with MDD underwent standardized treatment with duloxetine. Severity of depression was measured by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) at baseline (BL), after one (W1), two (W2) and six weeks (W6) of treatment. Treatment response was defined as a HDRS ≥ 50% reduction of BL score at W6. mBDNF and total BDNF serum levels were determined at BL, W1 and W2.

A high and stable correlation was found between mBDNF and total BDNF serum levels over all measurements. The predictive value of mBDNF BL levels and mBDNFΔW1 to response was similar to that of total BDNF BL and total BDNFΔW1. The assessment of serum mBDNF was not superior to total BDNF in prediction of treatment outcome.

Not only baseline total BDNF but also mBDNF is predictive to treatment outcome. The later might represent the main player in this respect, which supports the idea of a functional link between neuroplasticity and MDD.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Unipolar depression is a public health problem and is the most common psychiatric disorder among people with long-term sick leave in Denmark. Patients with unipolar depression are often associated with deficits in cognitive function long after the affective symptoms have disappeared. This could explain the long-term sick leave among patients suffering from unipolar depression. Computer-based cognitive training has been used to increase cognitive function in other patient groups.

It is unknown whether cognitive functions are improved in patients with depression by help of a cognitive computer program. Further we investigate whether this intervention shortens sick leave.

To investigate whether a computer-based cognitive training group present a higher score in cognitive function after training and return to their employment earlier compared to the control group.

The study includes patients who have been admitted because of depression, but are finished with their treatment. When the patients are discharged, they will be randomizes into two groups and evaluated on their cognitive function. Only one of the two groups will receive computer-based cognitive training. After 12 week the two groups’ cognitive function will be compared. Furthermore there is a six-month follow up, to show if or when the participants have returned to work.

The results will be presented at the EPA March 2016 in Madrid.

Based on the results of study it is our intention to conclude whether or not to implement computer-based cognitive training in treatment of patients with depression.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Comorbidity between alcoholism and depression has long been acknowledged, and the possibility that similar brain mechanisms, involving both serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic systems (NE), underlie both pathologies has been suggested. Thus, inhibitors of NE and 5HT uptake have been proposed for the treatment of alcoholism, as they have shown to reduce alcohol intake in various animal models. However, most of the studies mentioned were carried out acutely and there is a lack of knowledge of the possible long-term effects. Clinical studies report an overall low efficacy of antidepressant treatment on alcohol consumption, or even a worsened prognosis. In addition, several cases of alcohol dependence following antidepressant treatment have been reported in the literature.

We aimed at comparing the acute and chronic effects of the treatment with the antidepressant drug reboxetine on alcohol consumption.

We used a rat model of alcohol self-administration, and two different schedules of reboxetine administration (acute and chronic).

Our results confirm the acute suppressant effects of reboxetine on alcohol consumption but indicate that, when this drug is administered chronically in a period of abstinence from alcohol, it can significantly increase the rate of alcohol self-administration.

These results are important for the understanding of the clinical reports describing cases of increased alcohol consumption after antidepressant treatment, and suggest that much more research is needed to fully understand the long term effects of antidepressants, which remain the most widely prescribed class of drugs.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

This experimental trial aims to describe the experiences felt by a group of patients diagnosed with different psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, delusional chronic disorder, etc.) in which the use of Benzodiazepine derivatives were related to emergence of lucid dreaming and dissociative events (to see oneself out of your one body, etc.), and to a lesser extent had subsequent depressive symptoms. Fifty-six patients were monitored and linked to the emergence of depressive symptoms related to the use of Benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotic. While on this treatment, they had vivid or lucid dreaming.

To explore the relationship between occurrence of drug dreams (DDs) and daytime negative affect with lucid awakening during the course of a 9-week treatment.

Using the dream journal methodology, 56 participants reported occurrence of dreams, dream content, and ratings of affect. The relationships between the experience of DD, dream content (“active” vs “passive”), and affect were analysed using mixed model methods.

The experience of DD was associated with higher levels of negative affect (P < 0.001). The occurrence of DD did not decrease significantly over the 9 weeks of the study. Benzodiazepine users reported a higher occurrence of Lucid Awakening (P < 0.05) than the other drug groups (zolpidem and clometiazol).

These results are consistent with the hypothesis that DD can act as drug-conditioned stimuli to elevate negative affect. Although correlational, such findings support the implementation of psychological and pharmacological interventions aimed at minimizing the impact of DD on patients with lucid awakening and psychosis.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Sunshine increases placebo effect in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (Gailledreau et al., 2015). Kokras et al. (2014) showed that sunshine induces different responses in female than male mice in preclinical models of depression.

To determine whetehr the sunshine induced placebo effect exhibits gender differences in human.

Data from 9 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of antidepressants conducted by the French GICIPI network were reviewed. MADRS (5) or HAM-D 17 (4) were used as the main efficacy tool. For each patient, variation of scores (Delta MADRS/Delta HAM-D) between two consecutive visits were correlated with the average sunshine index observed at noon between these visits. Sunshine indexes were provided by Météo-France. Correlations were computed with Microsoft Excel.

Analysis of both genders (n = 52) showed no statistically significant (NS) correlation (r2 = 0.0064) between sunshine and score variations. Analysis of males (n = 8) failed to demonstrate any significant correlation in cloudy (< 1000 Joules/cm2), variable (1000–2000 Joules/cm2) or sunny (> 2000 Joules/cm2) weather. Analysis of females (n = 44) showed NS correlation as well for cloudy or variable weather (r2 = 0.0016), but a strong correlation was observed for females exposed to sunny weather: r2 = 0, 315, n = 20, P < 0.01. This correlation was even stronger in the subpopulation of females aged less than 50 years: r2 = 0.6398, n = 12, P < 0.001.

The hypothesis underlying this correlation between sunshine index and variations of MADRS/HAMD scales will be discussed.

Sunshine increases placebo effect in female patients aged less than 50. This insufficiently known effect may be responsible for failure of a number of double-blind, randomized, studies of antidepressant compounds.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

There is a hypothesis in cognitive psychology that long-term memory retrieval is improved by intermediate testing than by restudying the information. The effect of testing has been investigated with the use of a variety of stimuli. However, almost all testing effect studies to date have used purely verbal materials such as word pairs, facts and prose passages.

Here byzantine music symbol–word pairs were used as to-be-learned materials to demonstrate the generalisability of the testing effect to symbol learning in participants with and without depressive symptoms.

Fifty healthy (24 women, M age = 26.20, SD = 5.64) and forty volunteers with high depressive symptomatology (20 women, M age = 27.00, SD = 1.04) were examined. The participants did not have a music education. The examination material was completely new for them: 16 byzantine music notation stimuli, paired with a verbal label (the ancient Greek name of the symbol). Half of the participants underwent intermediate testing and the others restudied the information in a balanced design.

Results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in final memory test performance after a retention interval of 5 minutes for both groups of participants with low and high level depressive symptomatology (P > 0.005). After a retention interval of a week, tested pairs were retained better than repeatedly studied pairs for high and low depressive symptomatology groups (P < 0.005).

This research suggests that the effect of testing time on later memory retrieval can also be obtained in byzantine symbol learning.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The antidepressant efficacy and tolerance of agomelatine, MT1/MT2 agonist and 5-HT2C antagonist, has been proven in clinical trials. Non interventional studies give the opportunity to evaluate these properties in real life.

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of agomelatine in depressed outpatients in Switzerland.

Non-interventional study in 934 depressed (51.2% severely) patients given 25–50 mg agomelatine for 12 and 24 weeks. Main endpoints were change in MADRS score, and response (≥50% reduction in total score) and remission (MADRS ≤12) rates. CGI was also assessed. Reported adverse drug reactions, sexual dysfunction, and weight changes were recorded. Liver function tests were performed according to the summary of product characteristics.

MADRS total score decreased significantly (P < 0.0001) from baseline (29.5 ± 8.9) to weeks 12 (12.8 ± 9.6) and 24 (9.7 ± 8.6). Responder rate was 66.8% and 78.3% and remission rate 54.2% and 70.2% at weeks 12 and 24, respectively. Results corroborated by CGI scores, were similar for severely depressed patients. Early improvers (MADRS ≥ 20% reduction after 2 weeks; 461 patients) had the highest responder and remission rates. Agomelatine was well tolerated and no relevant weight changes or deleterious sexual function was reported. Ten patients had ALT/AST>3ULN, thereof 2 without baseline and one with elevated baseline. Most physicians rated the efficacy and tolerance of agomelatine as “good or very good”.

Long-term agomelatine treatment improved mood symptoms of depressed patients with high levels of response and remission and a favorable tolerance profile.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Depression is a life threatening psychiatric disorder. STAR-D study stated that remission rates decrease, and relapse rates increase. It produces chronic diseases and worsens mean health when co-morbid with these diseases. The depressive symptoms in humans are analogous to the ‘sickness behavior’ syndrome seen in animals when injected by pro-inflammatory cytokines.

This study was done to clarify the relation between the severity of depression and serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), so improving the quality of pharmacological management.

This study was done to prove that inflammatory process is involved in the pathogenesis of depression by assessing the serum level tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)

Our study is comparing between 60 patients with major depressive disorder and 30 healthy controls regarding the serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Patients were diagnosed by a semi-structured interview using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Patients were subdivided into mild, moderate and severe depression according to Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (17 items). Assessment of serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha was done using enzyme- linked immunoassay technique.

Serum level of TNF alpha was significantly higher among patients than among controls (Z = 4.710* P ≤ 0.001*) regardless the severity of depression.

Serum TNF alpha can be used as a biomarker of depression but not for the disorder severity. However, further study is needed to detect if there is a relation between major depressive disorder and serum level of other inflammatory markers as C-reactive protein.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Depression is one of several preventable causes of disability worldwide, with coronary heart disease (CHD) being the largest cause of disability. Depression has been confirmed as a risk factor for CHD.

Few studies tried to find an interrelation between depression and a risk of cardiovascular mortality according to systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE) chart.

The aim of study was to examine the correlation of depression with the risk of cardiovascular mortality (SCORE).

Study was conducted in 2015 within the framework of National Research Programme BIOMEDICINE. All patients aged 18 and older at 24 primary care facilities were interviewed with a sociodemographic questionnaire supplemented by measurements of blood pressure and total cholesterol. Within 2 weeks after the visit psychiatrist administered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) by telephone. SCORE was assessed using high risk chart.

Totally 920 patients age 40–69 were included in the data analysis. According to the MINI 9.3%(95%CI 7.5–11.5%) of 40–69 years old patients had current depression. Current depression was more common among women than men, 10.4% and 6.8%, respectively. The prevalence of current depression was highest among patients with SCORE 3–4%. Multivariate logistic regression did not suggest statistically significant odds ratio for having depression based on SCORE.

Only one of the measurements used for SCORE (smoking status) was significant predictor for having current depression, while systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol were not significant predictors for depression. As pharmacotherapies for reducing blood pressure and cholesterol are widely used by patients further research should include use of these medicines as potential mediators.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Even though the association between dermatological conditions in pregnancy with psychiatric findings is vital for patient management, studies on these issues are limited.

To determine the frequency and nature of dermatological problems in pregnant women having primary psychiatric illness.

To establish an association between cutaneous manifestations in pregnancy with the hypothesis that psychiatric illness also has a role in pregnancy.

This was a case control study and non probability convenient sampling was used on 50 pregnant patients with cutaneous manifestations along with psychiatric illness and 50 age matched non pregnant patients free from dermatological conditions and psychiatric illness. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) Criteria was used to diagnose psychiatric illness and for skin manifestations patients underwent a physical examination of skin.

Pregnant patients with depressive disorders were associated with atopic eruption of pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) 1.19; 95% (CI): 1.13–1.49], pruritic urticarial papules [(OR) 2.89; 95% (CI): 2.55–2.97], plaques of pregnancy [(OR) 2.14; 95% (CI): 2.01–2.39], prurigo of pregnancy [(OR) 1.33; 95% (CI): 1.17–1.45], intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy [(OR) 2.45; 95% (CI): 2.29–2.67], pemphigoid gestationis [(OR) 1.57; 95% (CI): 1.50–1.68], impetigo herpetiformis [(OR) 1.83; 95% (CI): 1.65–2.24], and pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy [(OR) 2.34; 95% (CI): 2.20–3.62], psoriasis [(OR) 1.75; 95% (CI): 1.64–2.37], melasma [(OR) 1.88; 95% (CI): 1.63–2.49], intrahepatic cholestasis [(OR) 2.77; 95% (CI): 2.14–3.48].

The results of the study support the hypothesis, that there is an association between psychiatric and skin diseases in pregnancy.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.