Using cross-sectional design▮twins and only children aged 6–16years were recruited. Using SDQ which was examined by parents and children (> = 11) to evaluate the children mental health and using EPQ applying on children to evaluate the children personality. the general questionnaire, PSDQ▮FAD-GFS▮SLE▮FSQ▮FLQ▮EFQ were used to collect information about family environment from parents. Zygosity was determined by the DNA picked up from cheek mucosa of twins children. Holzinger analysis was employed to estimate the heritability of personality and mental health. the stastic methods include t-test, nonparametric test, pearson correlation, spearman correlation.

122 pairs(244 children) of twins and 504 only children were participated in this study. the scores of four dimension of EPQ and five factor of SDQ have significant difference(Except for inattention-hyperactivity factor) between twin child and only child, the scores of EFQ,FLQ,FACES = 2 * ROMAN II-CV, FSQ, FAD-GFS have significant difference between the twins children family and the only child family.

Except for inattention-hyperactivity problems, there is obvious different in children personality▮mental health and their family environment between twin and only-child.

Childhood-onset schizophrenia, although rare, is schizophrenia with onset prior to the age of 13 years, appear to have a poor long term prognosis. Antipsychotic medication is one way of managing this rare but serious mental illness.

To examine the effects of antipsychotic medication for childhood-onset schizophrenia.

We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register and inspected references of all identified studies for further trials. We included all RCTs involving children and young people with a diagnosis of childhood onset schizophrenia comparing any antipsychotic drug with another antipsychotic or placebo. We reliably selected, quality assessed and extracted data from trials.

From a total of 2062 citations, we identified six relevant trials. A few results from one study favoured the atypical antipsychotic clozapine over haloperidol in treating treatment resistant childhood-onset schizophrenia (n = 21, WMD CGAS 17.00 CI 7.74 to 26.26; n = 21, WMD Bunney-Hamburg Psychosis Rating Scale −3.60 CI −6.64 to −0.56).

Participants on clozapine, however, were three times more likely to have drowsiness (1 RCT, n = 21, RR 3.30 CI 1.23 to 8.85, NNH 2 CI 2 to 17) and half of the children receiving clozapine had neutropenia (1 RCT, n = 21, RR 12, CI 0.75 to 192.86).

There is little conclusive evidence regarding the effects of antipsychotic medication for those with early onset schizophrenia. Some benefits were identified in using the atypical antipsychotic clozapine but the benefits were offset by an increased risk of serious adverse effects. Larger, more robust, trials are required.

Schizophrenia often presents in adolescence (13–18 years), is more likely to have a poor prognosis and young people are also more prone to adverse effects. Clearer guidance is needed in order to plan treatment for early onset cases more effectively.

We aimed to evaluate effects of atypical antipsychotic medications for psychosis in adolescents.

We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register. References of all identified studies were inspected for further trials.

All relevant RCTs that compared atypical antipsychotic medication with pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions in adolescents with psychosis were included. We reliably selected, quality assessed and extracted data from trials.

There were 13 RCTs with a total of 1112 participants. Adolescents improved more on standard dose of risperidone (1.5 – 6.0 mg) against low dose of risperidone (0.15 – 0.6 mg) (1 RCT, n = 255, RR 0.54 CI 0.38 to 0.75). Participants on clozapine were three times more likely to have drowsiness as compared to haloperidol (1 RCT, n = 21, RR 3.30 CI 1.23 to 8.85, NNH 2 CI 2 to 17). Lesser number of adolescents on atypical antipsychotics left the study due to adverse effects (3 RCTs, n = 187, RR 0.65 CI 0.36 to 1.15) than on typical antipsychotics.

There is no convincing evidence that atypical-antipsychotic medications are superior over typical antipsychotic medications. There is some evidence to show that adolescents respond better to standard-dose as opposed to lower dose of medications. Larger, more robust, trials are required.

we assessed the executive functioning in a sample of 79 children and teens with ADHD (n = 43) and ADHD+RD (n = 36), aged 6 to 16, through the administration of the BRIEF-Parent form (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; Gioia, Isquith, Guy, & Kenworthy, 2000). This scale measures eight components of the executive function, focusing in daily behaviors associated with executive functioning. However, it is not available in Spanish language. for this reason we translated the scale into Spanish and we made an exploratory study with an initial sample of 90 boys and girls, aged 5 to 18, getting some acceptable psychometric properties.

The co-morbid group shared the basic characteristic impairments in executive functions with the pure ADHD. in addition, this group showed a more severe impairment in working memory, monitor and planification.

the results point to a different and more impaired clinical profile in the co-morbid condition. Finally, executive functioning should be considered in the diagnosis of RD and in the design of reading learning programs, which have been focused primarily on the linguistic nature of the task forgetting other possible relevant domains.

Elevated rates of metabolic disturbances and shorter life expectancy due to cardiovascular complications are well known in individuals on antipsychotic medication. Recent literature highlights the use of prompts and educational interventions to improve physical health monitoring.

This audit aimed to review whether young people in the EIP Service receiving antipsychotic medication had regular physical monitoring in accordance with the Trust's recommendations and suggested ways to improve it.

The Physical Health Monitoring Record developed by the Medicines Management Committee recommends that patients on antipsychotic medication should have a full Physical Examination at Baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Blood tests, drug screens and ECGs should also be done at baseline and repeated on an annual basis. Electronic Patient Records of young people known to the Newcastle EIP Service over a 12-month period were reviewed to complete the audit tool captured data on type and duration of treatment, baseline and follow-up monitoring.

Only 55% (N = 11) received baseline monitoring. During the treatment continuation phase, 82% adhered to the recommended annual blood tests, but physical examinations, drug screens and ECGs were not done. At the annual psychiatric reviews, only 64% of young people had physical monitoring requests sent to primary care.

Young people receiving antipsychotic medication were not being monitored in accordance with Trust's recommendations. Wider circulation of the recommendations and improved communication with primary care physicians could improve monitoring. Incorporating a prompt within the Electronic Records with annual reminders would be a useful way forward.

Children and adolescents diagnosed with anxiety disorders use more frequently non-adaptive cognitive coping strategies, such as: self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing and other-blame. the emotion regulation strategies also influence the peers relations.

The study's objective was to evaluate the cognitive coping strategies used by children and adolescents diagnosed with anxiety disorders, and to observe how these strategies influence the peers relations.

The study aims were to identify the non-adaptive cognitive coping strategies and to identify which of them is more used by bullied or victimized children or adolescents.

Participants. Data was obtained from children aged 11 to 18 years of age, diagnosed with anxiety disorders, according to DSM IV-TR and healthy subjects comparable in age and sex.

Instruments. We used three questionnaires: Youth Self Report, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Peers Relations Questionnaire.

The children and adolescents diagnosed with anxiety disorders use more frequently non-adaptive cognitive coping strategies than the healthy children and they are more frequently bullied or victimized by their peers.

It is important to teach children and adolescents diagnosed with anxiety disorders how to use adaptive emotion regulation strategies in order to have a better social life and better academic results.

The objective of our study is to compare the data above mentioned with those of our local population. These prevalence's vary very little according to the different resources looked up, and in this review we try to verify this assertion at local level, also having as objective trying to give special attention so that this genetic field obtains mayor resources for its study.

Review of patient's history diagnosed with TEA in our unit, stating the incidents of similar pathology in its brothers.

of a sample of 176 patients diagnosed with TEA we found only 12% of incidents with TEA in non twin brothers. We did not have any other incidents of twin patients to add to this sample.

We confirm similar results to those obtained in other very different populations, culturally and geographically remote, aiming clearly at a remarkable genetic load in this disorder.

Switching from immediate release Methylphenidate (MPH-IR) to a sustained release formulation of MPH-IR in the treatment of ADHD is often required to provide better compliance and convenience; however switch was reported to be not always successful.

Small doses of MPH-IR may be added to sustained release preparations when its effect wears off.

Clinical case notes of 77 subjects aged 6–18 years who had been switched from MPH-IR to Concerta XL (an osmotic controlled-release formulation (OROS) of MPH) were retrospectively analysed for the effectiveness of the switch and the impact of an extra mid-afternoon dose of MPH-IR on the outcome.

Switch to Concerta XL alone was successful in 94% of cases and all 23 (100%) subjects who had MPH-IR added to Concerta XL showed good response to switch. More than 43% of patients required late afternoon top-up with MPH-IR to make a successful switch whilst 55% of patients required a larger dose of Concerta XL than the manufacturer's recommended equivalent to the existing dose of MPH-IR.

Higher than equivalent doses of Concerta XL or an additional dose of MPH-IR might be needed for a successful switch from short acting to sustained release MPH.

The use of antipsychotics in treatment of children and adolescents requires good knowledge of psychopathology, psychofarmacotherapy, developmental processes and family relations.

The combination of clinical experience of those working with psychotic adolescents and a good collaboration with parents, creates a therapeutic space where good results in treatment can be achieved.

The number of antipsychotics registered for use in children and adolescents is quite limited. It is necessary to have parental consent for the use of a medication in this age, with previous explanation of therapeutic goals, limitations and possible side effects of antipsychotics.

We present a 14-year old girl adolescent with psychotic symptoms, in which case the course of treatment and discontinuance of therapy was caused by a side effect - an oculogyric crisis.

In the treatment we used a low daily dose of risperidone, a generic medication (1 mg) per os, in the evening. We used generic, not an original medication, respecting recommendations of health sector economy. the effect of the terapy was measured using Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). the daily dose of risperidone wasn‘t elevated. the girl was discharged six days after risperidone was first prescribed. Side effects were not expected. on the way home, the patient experiences oculogyric crisis.

Our clinical presentation indicates that, in spite of low doses of risperidone in generic form, side effects are not excluded, and that wasn‘t noticed when original antipsychotics were used in the same doses.

Considerable controversy exist regarding clinical presentation, diagnosis, and comorbidities specially Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), in paediatric BPD.

To describe phenomenology and comorbidities of paediatric BPD.

To clinically study the Phenomenology and Comorbidity of Pediatric BPD and to clinically study the comorbidity of ADHD in Pediatric BPD.

78 Subjects (6–16 years) attending child and adolescent psychiatry services of C.S.M.M.U. Lucknow, who fulfilled DSM-IV-TR 2000 criteria for BPD were assessed using K-SADS-PL, child mania rating scale (CMRS),child depression rating scale (CDRS) ADHD-RS and C-GAS.

All the subjects were diagnosed as BPD-I. Their mean chronological age was 13.4 ± 2.1 years. the mean age at onset of BPD was 12.2 ± 2.3 years. the most common symptoms found in manic subjects were increased goal directed activities (100%), distractibility (100%), elation (98.7%), grandiosity (90.5%), physical restlessnesss (82.4%), poor judgment (82.4%) and decreased need for sleep (81.1%). 19 (24.5%) cases of BPD had other current comorbid disorders. the commonest comorbidities were MR (10.26%) and ADHD (10.26%), accompanied by Seizure disorders (2.56%), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (6.41%), substance abuse (3.85%), Anxiety Disorders (2.56%), and Enuresis (1.28).

In children and adolescents elation/grandiosity is more common presentation than Irritability. Comorbidities are rare in paediatric BPD-I. Differentiation of comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders especially ADHD from BPD is possible with respect to age of onset, quality of the disturbed mood, and the course of each disorder.

To determine the association of elementary school adolescents’ religious moral beliefs and religious moral beliefs of their parents with the stability of adolescents’ mental health.

The sample consists of 62 healthy adolescents (males, n = 30) aged 13.7 ± 0.3 years who attending elementary school and 124 their parents. the adolescents were equalized in: age, school achievement, behavior, family structure, and level of exposure to psycho-social stress. Subjects were assessed with regard to the level of belief in some basic ethical principles that arouse from religious moral values. the adolescents' and their parents' scores of religious moral belief index correlated with adolescents' school achievements, behavior and mental health profile. for the assessment of religious moral beliefs and mental health structure we used Religious Moral Beliefs' Questionnaire, “Hanes” Questionnaire, Test of Superego and Test of Self Perceiving.

The score of fathers' and mothers' moral belief index was positively correlated to the adolescents’ moral belief index (Pearson's r = 0.523, P < 0.001; r = 0.516, P < 0.001, respectively). Religious moral beliefs of adolescents and their fathers and mothers were not associated with school achievements, school behavior, neuroticism, sociability, activity, and scores of superego and self perceiving of adolescents (P > 0.05).

Religious moral beliefs of elementary school adolescents positively associated with religious moral beliefs of their parents. Religious moral beliefs of elementary school adolescents and religious moral beliefs of their parents were not associated with adolescents’ school achievements and school behavior as well with adolescents’ neuroticism, sociability, activity, and scores of superego and self perceiving.

To estimate whether psychosocial support of the School Project UHD “Prijateljice-Friends” positively affect on reducing of posttraumatic sequel in Bosnia-Herzegovina among school adolescents, after the war period 1992–1995.

The stratified sample of 507 students, aged of 13.7±1.0 (10 to16) years, in primary and secondary schools, involved in psychosocial support, compared with 78 randomly selected peers from the same schools, not involved in this project. Data were collected in February 2010 and in May 2010. the Children Depression Inventory and DSM III R questionnaire for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were utilized.

All adolescents reported experience of (mean±standard deviation=5.4±2.7) without significant differences between observed and control group (F = 0.001, P = 0.980, ANOVA). Symptoms of PTSD and depressiveness among students involved in the School Project, significantly reduced from (mean±standard deviation=6.5±3.3 to 4.9±3.5; 7.1±4.5 to 5.8±5.2, respectively) (t = 8.524, P < 0.001; t = 4.792, P < 0.001, respectively, Pared Samples Test). in the control group severity of PTSD symptoms reduced from 6.6±3.4 to 6.5±3.6 (t = 0.354, P = 0.723, Pared Samples Test), while depressiveness increased from 8.7±6.9 to 11.8±6.9 (t= − 3.387, P = 0.001, Pared Samples Test).

Adolescents in this study reported surviving of multiple traumas. Psychosocial support within the School Project resulted with significant reduction of PTSD symptoms severity and severity of depressiveness amongst involved students compared to controls. Schools and other institutions ought to envisage as many as possible projects to be implemented in schools and out-of-schools in order to assist youth to easier overcome consequences of no favorable war in their development.

The attachment theory proposes a highly useful foundation for understanding the effects of child abuse and its relational consequences. Although the literature on child abuse and its relation with attachment styles is extensive in developed countries there are relatively few studies on this issue in developing countries.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relation between child abuse and attachment styles in Turkish culture.

Relationship Scale Questionnaire and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were applied to 1008 volunteer students from 8 different universities in Istanbul. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate child abuse as a predictor of attachment pattern. This study is part of a larger study which investigates attachment patterns as a mediator between child abuse and psychopathology.

Physical abuse explained approximately 3% of the variance in fearful attachment, 2% of the variance in preoccupied attachment, and 1% of the variance in dismissing attachment.

Although there are correlations between sub-types of child abuse and insecure attachment patterns, only physical abuse is a significant predictor. the findings of this research may be useful for mental health professionals who work with young adults.

From 2004, the prescription of Atypical Antipsychotics has increased (Cascade et al.2009), being the third psychotropic drug most prescribed in children. There has been also an increase in the combined use of psychostimulants and antidepressants especially in children with behavioural disorders or anxiety (Comer et al. 2010). the severity of the side effects found in adults with these treatments bring us to the question of the risks of the long-term use of these drugs in child population.

A bibliographical research is done in Pubmed of clinical essays and studies published between 2000 and 2010. Key words used: risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, sertindole, ziclopentixol, ziprasidone, clotiapine. within the results found, 24 articles are selected being the only ones that show monitoring details of patients in treatment during a period of six months or more.

The aim of this work is to point the safety information published about the use of antipsychotics in children. Safety details were obtained for extrapyramidal, cognitive, endocrine, cardiovascular problems, metabolic syndrome, weight and BMI and liver function.

The results shows the lack of scientific evidence and highlights the need to initiate evaluation projects of efficacy and security of these drug as well as the development of new strategies of safety control of antipsychotic drugs in children.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder defined by the presence of social deficits, communication abnormalities, stereotyped or repetitive behaviours. A number of family and twin studies have suggested that a behavioral phenotype that is qualitatively similar to but more broadly defined than that which defines autism occurs more commonly in relatives of autistic individuals than in the general population.

In this research, relation between broad autism phenotype and impairment of facial expression of emotion were studied.

Seventy-two parents who had a child with a diagnosis of DSM-IV Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 38 parents who had a typically developing child and without family history of ASD were included. the parents were assessed for broad autism phenotype by Autism-Spectrum Quotient (ASQ) and Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) and for impairment in the recognition of facial expressions by Emotion Recognition Test. Student's t-test was used to evaluate the differences between the two groups. Results had compared by using ANOVA and ANCOVA.

The social skill and aloofness scores of parents with autistic children was found significantly higher than healthy group (p < 0.05). Parents of children with autism performed less well than controls on accuracy of surprise facial expressions.

Parents of children with autism seem to have higher risk for social interaction features than others. Parents of children with autism may have more problems with recognition of facial expressions.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently seen neurobehavioral disorder in school-aged children. Although the main cause of ADHD is unknown, it's thought that numerous biopsychosocial factors have part in etiology of ADHD together.

This study aims to compare autonomic nervous system functions by measuring pupil diameters in 6–11 aged boys diagnosed ADHD with age and sex matched healthy controls.

Thirty-two boys with ADHD and 24 healthy controls were participated into this study. We studied with a more homogeneous group by exclusion of any other psychiatric disorders except oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). the participants were evaluated autonomic nervous system functions by measuring pupil diameter changes in photopic and mesopic conditions.

There were no statistical differences on photopic and mesopic pupil diameters between ADHD and healthy control groups (p>0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences on same parameters between pure ADHD and ADHD+ODD groups (p>0.05).

These findings suggest that boys with ADHD don’t show difference in pupil diameters from typically children. This might indicate no difference in autonomic nervous system functions.

The Internet addiction disorder(IAD) is conceptualized by an individuals inability to control his or her use of the internet which causes marked distress &/functional impairment.

It was a cross-sectional study with aimed to find out the proportion of IAD among adolescent students & association of age,sex, educational level with addiction as well as relation of Internet addiction(IA) to different internet related activities & to determine severity of addiction.

The study was conducted purposively from 5 schools & 7 colleges of Dhaka City of Bangladesh from January to June 2011.In total of 797 students(438 were male, 359 were female, mean age:16.47 ± 1.21 years) of grade IX,X & XII were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire & Young's Internet addiction scale were applied.

Among 797 students,161(20.20%) were found as IAD. Out of 797 respondents,40.15% were school (Grade IX & X) & 59.85% were college students(Grade XII).IA were identified more among elderly adolescent(16–18 years) students(22.6%) & male students were more addicted(24.4%) than female students(15%).There was no relation found between educational level & IA. Association between information seeking behavior(p < 0.05) & chatting(p < 0.01) with IA found but no relation with e-mail, face book & Instant message were established. Among 161 adolescent students who were identified as IAD,60(37.3%) were average user,96(59.6%) were occasional/frequent problematic & 5(3.1%) had significant problem.

This study demonstrated that IA presents among Bangladeshi urban adolescent students. It will create awareness among teachers, parents, policy maker & students about this addiction.