Over the past few decades the concept of dissociation has become more and more popular in the psychiatric and psychotherapeutic research community. Psychoanalytic theories (Kernberg, Fonagy) see the cause for dissociative symptoms in a troubled developmental history.

1. 1. In the present study we wanted to empirically study these relations between childhood traumatisation and dissociative phenomena in patients with a Borderline Personality Organisation (Kernberg).

2. 2. Further we were interested in examining personality and affect regulation factors of these patients. It was hypothesized, that certain personality traits (such as primitive defence mechanisms) would be associated with trauma and dissociation, while others (e.g. high-functioning personality structure) would be absent in the sample group.

52 psychiatric inpatients with a Borderline Personality Organisation completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the personality and affect regulation measurement instruments SWAP and AREQ.

Significant correlations between dissociative symptoms and childhood traumatisation were found, especially with emotional abuse in childhood. Childhood trauma also correlates with severely disturbed personality characteristics.

The results empirically support psychoanalytic theories that a failure by the primary attachment figure in containing affects and sensations of a child can lead to dissociative symptoms and a disturbed personality development. Results are critically discussed within a psychoanalytic framework which should also help clarify the rather vague concept of dissociation.

Comparing coping mechanisms of 15-17 year-old inhabitants of “Tehran Correction and Rehabilitation Center” (named: delinquents) and the same age students of Tehran high schools (named: non-delinquents).

In a cross-sectional descriptive study, all 105 inhabitants of the center (81 males and 24 females) and 372 high school students (181 males and 191 females) who were randomly selected from area 6 of Tehran high schools completed the “Adolescent Coping Scale” which consists of 18 strategies and 3 styles. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and T-test.

Non-delinquent males and females used productive style more than reference to others, and reference to others more than non-productive style. Delinquent males used productive style and reference to others without significant difference, and also used these two styles significantly more than non-productive style. Delinquent females used all three styles without significant difference. Delinquent males used all three styles significantly more than non-delinquent males. Delinquent females used productive style less, non-productive style more and reference to others without significant difference from non-delinquent females.

In comparison with delinquent females, Delinquent males have a more comprehensive set of coping skills and can use external resources more effectively. Delinquent females use a very dysfunctional collection of coping mechanisms, which may have caused their vulnerability to social pathologies.

To examine the theory of the mind (TOM) in BPD patients.

Fifteen BPD patients (age>18) meeting criteria for BPD were compared to 16 healthy matched controls on two measures of TOM: mental state decoding (MSD) and mental state reasoning (MSR). MSD is the ability to perceive social cues (faces expression, voices) while MSR is the ability to infer on mental states with experiment, learning, context. MSR was measured by the faux pas recognition task assessing the ability to identify a faux pas in a social situation (range 0-60) and a comic strips task measuring the ability to infer intention (range 0-28). MSD was assessed by a video task reporting the ability to infer false belief and intention of deceit on visual motor action. Depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and axis II comorbidity traits (Personality Disorder Questionnaire-4+) were also assessed.

Mean (SD) age was 26.0 (4.1) and two participants were of male gender (6.5%). BPD patients scored significantly lower than controls on the both MSR measures: faux pas task mean (SD) scores of 46.6(14.1) vs 58.0(2.8) (p=0.002) and comic strips mean (SD) scores of 26.1(1.5) vs 27.4(1.3) (p=0.001). No significant differences were found on the video task. Multivariate analyses showed that faux pas score was predicted by BPD diagnosis independently from level of depressive symptoms, history of hypomanic episode, schizotypic and antisocial personality disorder traits (F=4.32, df=6, p< 0.01).

BPD is associated with a TOM deficit on mental state reasoning tasks even after controlling for confounding variables.

To evaluate mutual interaction between sex and personality we tried to study 111 patients with QSAF 2009 and MCMI-III.

Hundred and eleven consecutive patients with sexual problems (76) or personality disorders (35) were examined with two tests. Only volunteer personality disorder patients were enrolled to this trial. The results were compared with 325 examinees evaluated with QSAF and 1600 patients evaluated with MCMI-III.

All patients with sexual problems showed at least two scores higher than 72 in their MCMI-III. This was more prominent in sexual deviations than dysfunctions. Homosexuals had higher scores in schizoid and schizotypal, pedophiles in schizoid and antisocial, voyeurs in schizoid and avoidant, masochists in dependent and self defeating personality scales…

We conclude that many deviated persons remain clinically latent and show themselves as alien, aloof and eccentric. Almost all deviated persons show high scores in personality disorder scales. On the contrary, only a minority of personality disorder patients show prominent sexual problems in the form of deviation. They predominantly have disturbed sexual self image, show inhibited sexual desire problems (dependent, schizoid and avoidant) personality, dyspareunia and vaginism (avoidant and schizotypal personality), spouse abuse (borderline and antisocial personality) postcoital disorders (borderline, dependent and narcissistic personality) and extramarital relationship in a series of disorders including histrionic personality …. as studied by the QSAF 2009 which evaluates 64 sexual scales.

To examine the association between sociocultural pressures, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among female French students.

Participants were 201 women from a Toulouse University (mean age=20.70 years, SD=2.56). Pressure perceived from the media, peers and parents was assessed using parallel scales. The questionnaire also assessed body dissatisfaction (BD), drive for thinness (DT), bulimia (BU) and self-reported height and weight.

Participants reported higher scores of peer pressure (mean= 6.87, SD=1.82), than media pressure (mean= 6.14, SD=2.32) and parental pressure (mean= 5.41, SD= 1.44). The difference between the pressure perceived from each source was significant (p< .001). BD was significantly correlated with pressure from the media (r= .25), peers (r= .19), and parents (r= .21). DT was also significantly correlated with pressure from all three sources (r= .21; r= .25 and r= .17 respectively). BU was significantly correlated only with media pressure (r= .16). Hierarchical regression revealed that BMI, and sociocultural pressures, accounted for 38% of the variance in BD F(4, 190)= 28.63, p=< 001, with BMI, media and parental pressure as predictors. BMI, media and peer pressure were predictors of DT F(4, 190)= 28.26, p=< 001, R2=21. BMI and media pressure were predictors of BU F(4, 190)= 6.41, p=< 001, R2=12.

Sociocultural pressure contributes strongly to body image and eating concern among French students. These findings highlight the importance of developing sociocultural models among French populations, and the need for prevention interventions that build on these frameworks.

Psychotherapeutic therapies play an important role in borderline personality disorder (BPD) treatment. Pharmacotherapy can be helpful for some symptom clusters, but overall psychotherapy remains the most promising approach to treat persons with BPD. In the last two decades, disorder specific psychotherapeutic approaches have been developed and evaluated.

To systematically identify, integrate and review the current evidence on treatment efficacy using systematic Cochrane Collaboration review methodology.

Thorough literature searches were done to identify all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on psychotherapy in adult BPD patients. Retrievals were assessed by two reviewers independently in terms of matching the inclusion criteria and fulfilling a pre-defined study quality standard. Data were analyzed according to standards of the Cochrane Collaboration. Outcome variables were BPD pathology, associated psychopathology, and treatment compliance in terms of attrition.

Included RCTs comprised both comparisons of specific treatments (among others, dialectical behavior therapy, mentalization-based therapy, schema-focused therapy, transference-focused therapy, systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving, interpersonal therapy) vs. unspecific control conditions (such as treatment as usual or standard care) and head-to-head comparisons of specific treatments.

Most beneficial effects were found for BPD-specific psychotherapies, whereas effects of non-specific treatments were marginal. Short-time interventions yielded some promising findings, but sustainability remains questionable. Findings will be discussed in terms of evidence robustness and data quality as well as applicability to real-world settings.

Half or more of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from co-occurring alcohol use disorder and/or drug use disorder. The aim of the study was to investigate the development of substance use disorders (SUD) in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) in the long-term course.

175 patients with BPD and 396 patients with other personality disorders (OPD) were assessed with semistructured interviews at baseline and at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 months. They were compared on the frequency of new onsets of SUD. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to to generate time to new onsets, and Cox regression analyses were used to examine relevant predictors for new onsets.

BPD patients did show a shorter time to new onsets of SUD than the OPD group. Thirteen percent of BPD patients developed a new alcohol use disorder, and 11% developed a new drug use disorder, as compared to rates of 6% and 4% respectively for OPD. The number of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) criteria predicted new onsets of SUD in BPD.

Patients with BPD have a two to three times higher risk than patients with selected other personality disorders of developing a new SUD. The severity of antisocial psychopathology is related to new onsets of substance use disorder in BPD. These findings support the concept of a spectrum relationship between ASPD, BPD and SUD.

One of the important purposes of health interventions is to enhance the quality of life (QOL). In mental health practice quality of life is related to disorders and treatment but also identification of high-risk group in healty subjects for lower QOL is necessary. Personality disorders in choronic diseases are reported to be related with lower QOL. In this study we investigated how character and temperament effect quality of life (QOL) in ‘healthy’ people.

70 healthy subjects (32 women, 38 men) with no physical and psychiatric diagnosis assessed with SCID-I are included to the study. They were examined using Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and WHO-QOL-Brief.

Harm Avoidance (HA) and Reward Dependence (RD) scores was negatively correlated with Physical Health domain of QOL. Self directedness (SD) scores were positively correlated environmental domains of QOL (p< 0.05). Marital status was associated with QOL as singles had higher QOL in physical, psychological and environmental domains (p< 0.05). In multiple linear regression models; HA and RD predicted lower Physical Health and marital status predicted Environmental Health scores of QOL.

In this study SD had significant correlations with environmental domains of QOL and higher HA and RD scores predicted lower QOL scores in Physical Health. With a bigger sample size all associations may occur clearly so an underground to identify risky temperament and character traits for lower QOL may be provided.

Personality and behavioral changes in epilepsy is known for a while. But neither quantitative characteristics nor etiology of these changes are not clear yet. There are many studies focusing on personality disorders in epilepsy using different methods. Cloninger has developed a psychobiological model of personality which provides to evaluate personality in a dimensional way.

In this present study, we examined the relationship between the Cloninger's dimensional psychobiologic model of personality and epilepsy. 73 outpatients of epilepsy and 70 healthy controls were examined using SCID I, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and a questionnaire for epilepsy.

Epilepsy patients had higher harm avoidance (HA) and lower persistence, self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness scores than healthy controls.

In epileptic subjects no correlation was determined between TCI traits and age and duration of epilepsy. HA scores were higher in women. Subjects with partial seizures had higher HA scores and lower SD scores than generalized ones. Self Transcendence (ST) scores were different in groups due to frequency of epileptic seizures in One Way ANOVA but not corrected with Tukey HSD. Existence of comorbid depression was represented with lower ST scores. In multiple linear regression models only MDD predicted lower scores of SD.

This study confirms existence of specific personality changes among the epileptics by dimensional personality model of Cloninger and indicates a relationship between the characteristics of epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity. Further investigations are needed for a clear understanding of common etiology of epilepsy and personality changes.

Mind and it's role in human growth and devoloptment & it's different layers are always an arena of great interest to the ancient philoshopers as well as the religious teacher of ancient India. In different religios sector in Hinduism or in Budhism mind and it's control was a key factor in attaining the bliss or the enlightment.

Here we examine some of the relevant philoshophical doctrines that may be applied/amalgamated with our modern pharmacology and therapy in a benefecial way. For the peace, calmness, attaining tranquility in distubed mind our approach may be hollistic with blending the aroma & flavour of those great philoshopers analysis on mind & their ways to derived a peaceful state in a restless mind.

it will be to beneficialy tuned the philoshophers insight into our modern way of management.

Here we willcite a few philoshopers connocation derived from GITA of Hinduism & from Budhist Philoshophy. According to Budda “…attachment is the root of all evils inmind…”. An non attachment theory or a non meself doing the things keeps the mind free. The 4 noble truth preached by Lord Budda are

1. 1) There is sorrow in life.

2. 2) there is cause for this sorrow or disrurbed state

3. 3) there is way for remedy of this.

4. 4) thatremoval of sorrow or non-peace is possible in life.

In Bhagbat GITA In karmay yog all works are directed to perform in a non ““I” state.

Calmness of mind could be achieved by “Practice” (meditation) & Dispassionate.

Philosophical aspects of mind will enrich our knoweledge.

Philoshophy is the ancient disciple that could answer the questions relating to human sufferings, their causes or a remedy. Doctors in dictionary meaning stands for a learned person. A psychiatrist may mean a more learned person on the matters of happyness or peace in mind or disturbances in the emotional sphere of a person, the cause of his behavioral disturbances.

Psychiatry in future will traverse faraway from patienthood to personhood. It will be more person concenerned, well person in some transient emotional crisis or a relationship conflict in a couple or a fear in mind in a teenager before examination or a person incapable of sustaining meaninful interpersonal-relationship. It will move from the tiny clinic &will fly like a dynamic butterfly to sit besides the emotionaly upset person.

A noble amalgamation of past philoshopical master's teaching and the knowledge of our neuro-transmitter imbalance may come out with a suitable blend that might be sustainable to remove the misery of mind in a less costly way.

Time tested some philoshopical ideas may be analysed with our objective of blending.

There were Hedonistic or pleasure seeking scool or school of dispassionate.

In 2500BC BUDDHA pointed, “Midle path is the best path”.(among sacrificing in totality or totalpeasureseeking sensces.)

Budha's 4 noble truth, that there is misery & sufferings, there is causation for sufferings, there is way to stop sufferings, & that is possible points towards aeitiology of passion and attachment as the cause of mental disorders.

Philoshopical amalgamation in psychiatry will open newer avenues.

Quest of happiness in life is time immortal. Meaning of happyness do differ from region or country & culture to culture. Still the search for happiness in life is universal & a goal that can be achived easily, specialy in the outlook of eastern philoshophical doctrine.

Happiness and peace of mind is out of out an inner thing, contained in each person. Only it's expression or realisation needs a practice, positive thinking attitude & positive lifestyles.

Happyness as such cannot be imported from any outside agency, or a person, that beutiful women, or a nice hanging decorating balcony on the opposite pavement.

Through rays onthe path that can increase output & efficiency in life.

3 practical way may bring happyness readily;

1. 1. Good thoughts, encouraging thoughts, positive thougts, positive attitude & life doctrine.

2. 2. Good works--meaning works that supports or serve others, that please others.& not irks others, not violate thier rights rather works that brings joys in other life sphere.

3. 3. Good behavior. Any moment it will not be a unpleasent behavoir or a behavior that will not brings us close.

Satisfaction with the little we have achieved.

What are the obstacles to the path of happiness?

“attachment is the root of all evils” was sais by lord budha.

Any attachment to property, to person, or even to self will desttroy happyness, by imparting expectatios & unfulfillment of desires borneout of expectation.

Dispassionate (“Vairaggya”) and non-attachment will make us free.

A selfness vision, works not done by me rather by thou.

Non-attachment & passionless living means happyness.

In 1808 German physician coins the term “Psychiatry”. Before that Doctors treating mental patients were termed “‘Allienist Doctor”, as the patients were kept in allination in that era. Before that in ancient times Hippcrates 460-377B.C identify epilepsy derives from brain, Plato387B.C teaches brain is the seat of mental disorders. Philophers or the religious monks tackled the behavioral problems or wories or the hopelessnes of suffered soul by their deeper insight as to the cause of sorrow or sufferings and the way towards relief from them. Lord Buddha Founder of Buddhisim admitted “Attachement is the cause of all evils”. Bhagbat geeta the epic of Hindu myhthology teaces on an unattached form of work, dperform the works as duty and never impart “self sensce”. as the They echoed on indefinity of soul in the life & which cannot be destroyed by fire, death or hit by any way. The seat of a divine soul inside the human body makes the definite body “infinity”.

Amalgammation of spiritual ideas and practices may help in the recovery of minor mental stresses & some disorders Is ascertained here.

72 patients (44 male & 28 females in the age range of 24-46,. ), those were suffering from anxiety disorders GAD and Ac. Panic disorders were mached against an equal number of other 72 patents as per ICD_10.1st group recieves spiritual philoshopy and practices for 10 minuteseach day.

Fast recovery & sustainicity in the 1st gr.were observed against the control gr. who receives drug alone.

Imparting philoshopy or spirituality helps in recovery of mental state.

“Rite of passage” is an etnographic concept developed by VanGennep that defines the vital transition of an individual between two different status. It is divided in three stages: separation, liminal/threshold and aggregation. Turner described the liminal phase, and the terms of “communitas” and “liminoid” (structure of a rite without religious/spiritual elements). One widely-known Rite of Passage is the initiation of the shamans.

Study the elements of a rite of passage present in Psychiatric Trainning.

• • Field study (observational, descriptive, non-experimental).

• • Preliminary Sample=10trainees (5man+5women); last year of Psychiatric Trainning.

• • “ad hoc” semi-structured interview (21items subdivided in open questions). 10interviews (average duration=75mins). Permanent register:digital recorder.

• • Summary and analysis of the answers. Review of the literature.

1. - Psychiatric Trainning shared the elements and tri-phasic structure of VanGennep's “rite of passage” concept

2. - Trainees saw themselves as more empathic(7/10) and humanistic(8/10) than other specialties colleagues. Stigma towards mental illness(8/10) and fear of suicide(9/10) were also considered as their distinctives.

3. - The collective behaved as a communitas(10/10)

4. - No spiritual elements(0/10): liminoid process

5. - Resemblances of the ancestral shamans' Initiation: Despite bloody practices were over, suffering was also present(7/10), but was seen as necessary(6/10) and well tolerated(7/10).

6. - Trainees felt that they grew spiritual and mentally(7/10) during the trainning years

Results suggest that Psychiatric Trainning has stable phenomena that:

• • are compatible with the Rite of Passage schema

• • Are considered exclusive of Psychiatry by trainees

• • Have not been systematically studied as a whole, which could help to improve the training.

The international classifications in psychiatry, i.e. ICD-10 and DSM4R, allowed a fast increase of factual information. The improvement of reliability account for most of it. But it did not came with an increase in validity. We will argue that these classification are not “validable” unless questioning some of the postulates that guided their elaboration.

We will state the epistemological principle underlying scientific and medical classifications and compare the ones at work in psychiatric classifications. Examples from the field of psychoses will be given.

Validity is a notion that can only apply to scientific classification, i.e. that aim at providing a model for an external reality. The validable part of a classification is the model on which it relies, not the definition that ensue the model. In medicine, the term “disease” apply to natural morbid entities defined by an hypothesis, i.e. a model, on their aetiology or pathophysiology. Only this hypothesis can be validated.

ICD and DSM utility is oriented toward a practical objective. This constrains choices in their elaboration not adapted to pursue a scientific goal. The most challenging is the atheoretical orientation which take away from the classification their only validable part, i.e. a model.

There is urgent need to clarify the utility of ICD and DSM in psychiatry, i.e. epidemiology and clinical practice. Requiring their use in scientific inquiry could only slow down any progress toward the discovery of real disease in psychiatry.

In the context of a growing body of international research though not in German-speaking countries, this study examines

1. 1) the extent of spirituality of staff in a psychiatric hospital,

2. 2) their relationship to staff's attitudes towards religion / spirituality (ReS) of patients

3. 3) and the integration of religious and spiritual contents to the patient's therapy.

An anonymous survey distributed to the staff in the department of psychiatry and psychotherapy of the Freiburg university hospital in 2009. Main predictor variable was the extent of spirituality using DRI. Main criterion variables were the relevance of ReS of patients and staff's attitudes towards ReS during their therapies using the questionnaire of Curlin et al.(2007).

The response rate was 44.16% (n=197). The extent of spirituality of staff is 6.89 on a scale of 12.0. Although there is no significant relationship between the extent of spirituality and staff's attitudes towards ReS as well as their integration of religious and spiritual contents to therapies, staff regard the influence of ReS generally positive to patients. 95.4% endorse ReS as coping strategy. However staff do not integrate religious and spiritual practices in their therapies. The most frequent reasons are insufficient time/occasion, insufficient knowledge and concern about offending patients.

Religious and spiritual contents have not been integrated yet in psychiatric therapy methods, although they are regarded as important for patients. Further studies and discussion about religious and spiritual matters are essential for their integration into psychiatric therapies to overcome these problems for patients and staff.