81. A body which is either emitting heat, or altering its dimensions against resisting forces, is doing work upon matter external to it. The mechanical effect of this work, in one case, is the excitation of thermal motions, and in the other, the overcoming of resistances. The body must itself be altering in its circumstances, so as to contain a less store of work within it, by an amount precisely equal to the aggregate value of the mechanical effects produced: and conversely, the aggregate value of the mechanical effects produced, must depend solely on the initial and final states of the body, and is therefore the same, whatever be the intermediate states through which the body passes, provided the initial and final states be the same.

Arthur's Seat is the remains of a dissected Lower Carboniferous volcano, from which were erupted a series of basaltic rocks representative of the province to which it belongs. The rocks occur as lavas, intrusions and tuffs, and include basalts of Dalmeny, Jedburgh, Dunsapie, Craiglockhart and Markle types, in addition to mugearite. For convenience the basalts of Dunsapie type have been subdivided into Normal and Feldspathic varieties.

The volcano has been remapped; some minor departures from the six-inch Geological Survey map are recorded and certain changes in the numbering and classification of the lavas have been made.

The petrographic characters of the various volcanic rocks are described in detail, with modal and chemical analyses. The composition of the parental magma of the volcano was probably very similar to that of Normal Dunsapie basalt. Markle and Craiglockhart types were produced as complementary differentiates of the parental liquid by a process of gravity differentiation, in which sinking of ferromagnesian crystals, particularly augites, played an important part. The basalts of Dalmeny and Jedburgh types, which in Arthur's Seat have strong chemical resemblances, probably represent only slightly differentiated parental magma. Concentrations of soda-rich volatiles produced intense albitisation in the Markle basalts and the mugearites. It is considered that the mugearites of Arthur's Seat crystallised initially as Jedburgh or Dalmeny types, and were altered to their present state during a deuteric phase.

An attempt has been made to reconstruct the eruptive history of the volcano. The magma source appears to have been replenished with parental magma at least twice during the period of activity. The first and last eruptions were of Dunsapie basalt; the albitised products appeared at a fairly late stage.

The district shown on the plate at the end of this paper belongs to an elevated portion of the much-dissected tableland known as the Highlands of Scotland. It stretches from the eastward-draining Dee to the southward-draining Shee and Isla. The watersheds between these three rivers determine the county boundaries of Aberdeen in the north, and Perth and Forfar in the south-west and south-east. They often rise well above 3000 feet, and where they meet in Glas Maol (I of Plate) they attain to 3502 feet. In the valley bottoms, Braemar on the Dee and the Spittal of Glen Shee both stand a little above the 1000-foot level. A connecting road, with a famous hairpin bend known as the Devil's Elbow (J), passes the Aberdeenshire frontier half a mile east of the Cairnwell at a height of 2199 feet. Its course furnishes an ideal geological traverse of the district considered as a whole.

As Carnegie Research Scholar in Geology under Professor James Geikie, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., at Edinburgh University, I have entered upon a systematic examination of fossil plants from Pettycur, Fife. Though many plants have been described from this locality, nothing systematic, as far as I know, has ever before been attempted. The main objects of this research are to endeavour to connect the various strobili obtained at the locality in question with the stems on which they were borne; to describe any new species met with, and to give some account of the mode of occurrence of the material in which the plants are enclosed. Some of these objects have already been attained, but others will require further study to decide.

Soil erosion can pose a serious problem to environmental quality and sustainable development. On the Tibetan Plateau, soil erosion is one of the main challenges to regional ecological security. Our analysis investigates soil erosion and evaluates its economic value in alpine steppe, alpine meadow, alpine desert steppe and forest ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau. Analysis was carried out from 1984 to 2013. The results show that the annual average potential soil erosion, practical soil erosion and soil conservation calculated by the Revised University Soil Loss Equation model were 2.19×109ta–1, 2.16×109ta–1 and 2.72×107ta–1, respectively. The economic value of retaining soil nutrients, reducing the formation of wasteland and the economic benefit of reducing sediment deposition were 1.98×108RMBa–1, 2.55×1012RMBa–1 and 7.44×104RMBa–1, respectively. From comparing different ecosystems, we found that the forest ecosystem had the greatest soil retention and economic values. We also found that the potential and actual soil erosion values were extremely high on the Tibetan Plateau. The study highlights that state and local policymakers must give greater emphasis to ecological protection in the future.

Mycelium from the Yantardakh Lagerstätte (Santonian of Taimyr) is reported. Its hyphae are arranged mostly parallel, weakly branched and septated. The clamp connections indicate the Basidiomycota affinity. Two types of outgrowths are formed on the mycelium, located perpendicular to the parent hypha: the former rather long and common; and the latter are short peg-shaped, formed with a lower frequency. Arthroconidia and large spherical structures, looking like exudate drops are observed upon hyphae. Hyphae rings similar to the trapping loops of extant Basidiomycota have been found. Altogether, these rings, numerous drops and peg-like hyphal outgrowths may be interpreted as this mycelium belongs to nematophagous fungus of Agaricomycetes. Thus, this is the first finding of mycelium putatively nematophagous Basidiomycota from the Cretaceous of North Asia, which also implies the presence of nematodes in the Taimyr amber forest.

The present paper is the third of a series of researches on the anatomy of the lower Dicotyledons undertaken with the object of seeing what, if any, aid anatomy might give in determining the point of origin of the so-called Monocotyledons. It deals more especially with the anatomical and histological peculiarities of the stem of the Calycanthaceæ.

The limestone to be described occurs in two separate areas (fig. 1)—one in Lower Deeside around Banchory, another in Middle Deeside around Aboyne. The whole of the Banchory and a large part of the Aboyne outcrops provide limestone types in a high grade of regional metamorphism (the associated schists contain sillimanite). In the latter outcrop the limestone has undergone thermal metamorphism at the contacts with Newer Granite intrusions. Many of the resulting hornfelses have suffered hydrothermal alterations with development of prehnite and zeolites. Newer Granite pegmatites, intruded at the time of hornfelsing, share in this hornfelsing and later hydrothermal modifications. In addition, they exercise exopneumatolytic and exohydrothermal metamorphism. Quite local metamorphisms take place at hornblende-schist and Older Granite contacts.

Mr J. Innes Wilson of Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, during the whaling-season of 1916–17 paid a visit to the South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago. He collected specimens of rocks and minerals from Deception Island, Roberts Island, Trinity Island, and the coast bordering the Gerlache Channel, which were transmitted to the Colonial Office by the Governor, Sir William Douglas Young. It is with the kind permission of the Undersecretary of State for the Colonies that I am allowed to submit some account of Mr Innes Wilson's interesting and important collection.

Petrological investigations of granite commonly reveal multiple periods of growth punctuated by resorption for many of the constituent minerals. Complementary to such textures are mineral compositional heterogeneity manifested by zoning or grain to grain variability. These features ultimately reflect changes in the intensive parameters or activities of components during melt solidification. Such complexities of granite crystallisation can be simultaneously modelled in a reaction space constructed from the set of linearly independent reactions describing the equilibria among all phases and components in the system of interest.

The topology of the linearly independent reactions that define the reaction space for garnetmuscovite-biotite granites yields the following insights: (1) there is no one unique reaction that produces or consumes aluminous minerals (e.g. garnet); (2) minerals can alternate as reactants or products in different reactions accounting for textures indicating multiple periods of crystallisation separated by resorption; (3) mineral compositions are regulated by the reaction(s) producing them and vary as the stoichiometry of the reaction(s) producing them varies; (4) resorption of early crystallising garnet is likely to reflect decreasing pressure, presumably during magma ascent; (5) late crystallisation of garnet, at the expense of biotite, reflects an increase in melt aluminosity and does not necessarily require high Mn activities for the melt and (6) increasing melt H2O, at H2Oundersaturated conditions, favours the formation of biotite–muscovite granite.

Application of the reaction space method to other granite types holds considerable promise for elucidating reactions that regulate mineral assemblages and compositions during crystallisation.

Understanding the effects of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) of the British Isles is essential for the assessment of past and future sea-level trends. GIA has been extensively examined in the literature, employing different research methods and observational data types. Geological evidence from palaeo-shorelines and undisturbed sedimentary deposits has been used to reconstruct long-term relative sea-level change since the Last Glacial Maximum. This information derived from sea-level index points has been employed to inform empirical isobase models of the uplift in Scotland using trend surface and Gaussian trend surface analysis, as well as to calibrate more theory-driven GIA models that rely on Earth mantle rheology and ice sheet history. Furthermore, current short-term rates of GIA-induced crustal motion during the past few decades have been measured using different geodetic techniques, mainly continuous GPS (CGPS) and absolute gravimetry (AG). AG-measurements are generally employed to increase the accuracy of the CGPS estimates. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) looks promising as a relatively new technique to measure crustal uplift in the northern parts of Great Britain, where the GIA-induced vertical land deformation has its highest rate. This literature review provides an in-depth comparison and discussion of the development of these different research approaches.

In a recent publication on the cyclic variations of the vascular architecture of the uterus of the guinea-pig (1940) we recorded that antimesometric hypersemia is a regular and essential characteristic of the uterine changes which occur during heat, and commented on its significance as a factor influencing antimesometric implantation in this animal.

A natural sequel to this work was to acquire additional evidence for our conclusions by the experimental production of antimesometric hyperæmia in the uterus of the spayed guinea-pig following treatment by injection of ovarian hormones; such evidence to be of value demands that the antimesometric hyperæmia so produced should be comparable to that of normal heat.

A copy of Mr Marrat's paper “On the Fossil Ferns in the Ravenhead Collection” having come into my hands, I was led to visit the Liverpool Free Public Museum in 1886, and again in 1887, with the object of examining this interesting collection, and while doing so I received every assistance from Mr Thomas J. Moore, the Curator, and Mr F. P. Marrat, to whom I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness for the many kindnesses I received while studying the Ravenhead plants. I have further the pleasure of acknowledging the privilege accorded me by the Museum Committee, through the kind offices of the Rev. H. H. Higgins, which allowed me to have a number of specimens sent to Stirling, where I could more advantageously examine them than in the Museum, where the literature of the subject is limited.

Puccinia Prostii, Moug., a micro-Puccinia developing pycnidia and teleutospores only, was first recorded for this country by Massee (1913), who stated that it occurred on cultivated tulips; but neither the date nor the locality is mentioned. Saccardo (1888) and Sydow (1904) state that the fungus occurs in Italy and France on two species of Tulipa, T. sylvestris, Linn., and T. Celsiana, DC. (T. australis, Link.).

A new genus of pentameride brachiopod, Costilamnulella, described herein from the middle Ashgill of Sweden, is particularly interesting in that the ventral valve possesses both an interarea and a palintrope. Brachiopods normally have one or the other, but both structures do occur amongst the pentamerides, e.g. in Clorinda, Anastrophia and Brevilamnulella. The presence of these structures in three separate pentameride families indicates the persistence of the more primitive condition of an interarea whilst the more advanced palintrope is becoming established. Costilamnulella is interpreted as a restricted side line of the main development of the more widely occurring Brevilamnulella, which survived the end-Ordovician event and may have shared its ancestry with the ubiquitous Clorinda.

This study aims to evaluate the tectonic activities of the Vark basin, located in the great basin of Dez River in northwestern Iran, using geomorphologic indices combined with the geographical information system technique. Some geomorphic indices were used to achieve this aim. In this regard, the indices of stream length (SL), drainage asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), valley floor ratio (Vf), basin shape (Bs), and mountain sinuosity (Smf) were estimated to reach an average index of relative tectonics (Iat), indicating the intensity classes of tectonic activity. The mean SL, Hi, Vf, and Bs values were estimated as 2273, 0.55, 0.45, and 1.75, respectively, regarding the active class of tectonic activity. Therefore, considering the Af and Smf indices with values of 27 and 1.14, the basin was categorised as having semi-active conditions. The overall Iat, with a value of 1.33, represented the very high class (1.0 < Iat < 1.5) of tectonic activity. Hence, by calculating the index of relative active tectonics, the study area is observed as the intensive class concerning tectonic movements. Overall, the mean values of the Iat for all sub-basins were calculated as 1.50, 1.17, and 1.83, revealing the very high and high classes of active tectonics in the basin. The results obtained on tectonic activity were further confirmed during field observations by examining the structurally complex joints, folds, slips, faults, and fractures of the area, which reflect the dynamic nature of the regional tectonics.

Characterising the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of hydraulic conductivity and its variability in the shallow subsurface is fundamental to understanding groundwater behaviour and to developing conceptual and numerical groundwater models to manage the subsurface. However, directly measuring in situ hydraulic conductivity can be difficult and expensive and is rarely carried out with sufficient density in urban environments. In this study we model hydraulic conductivity for 603 sites in the unconsolidated Quaternary deposits underlying Glasgow using particle size distribution and density description widely available from geotechnical investigations. Six different models were applied and the MacDonald formula was found to be most applicable in this heterogeneous environment, comparing well with the few available in situ hydraulic conductivity data. The range of the calculated hydraulic conductivity values between the 5th and 95th percentile was 1.56×10–2–4.38mday–1 with a median of 2.26×10–1 mday–1. These modelled hydraulic conductivity data were used to develop a suite of stochastic 3D simulations conditioned to existing 3D representations of lithology. Ten per cent of the input data were excluded from the modelling process for use in a split-sample validation test, which demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach compared with non-spatial or lithologically unconstrained models. Our spatial model reduces the mean squared error between the estimated and observed values at the excluded data locations over those predicted using a simple homogeneous model by 73 %. The resulting 3D hydraulic conductivity model is of a much higher resolution than would have been possible from using only direct measurements, and will improve understanding of groundwater flow in Glasgow and reduce the spatial uncertainty of hydraulic parameters in groundwater process models. The methodology employed could be replicated in other regions where significant volumes of suitable geotechnical and site investigation data are available to predict ground conditions in areas with complex superficial deposits.

It is held by many that the body temperature shows certain fixed diurnal and seasonal variations which cannot be accounted for by the action of the various influences, such as muscular exercise, ingestion of food, sleep, etc., which are known to affect the rate of heat production and heat loss. These variations are believed to be associated with corresponding changes in the tissue activities, and to a large extent to be independent of environmental conditions.

The Coal Measures of the South Wales Coal Field fall into three well-marked divisions:—

I. The Upper Pennant or Upper Penllergare Series.

II. The Lower Pennant Series.

III. The White Ash Series.

In 1885 I paid a visit to this Coal Field, with the object of studying its Fossil Flora, hoping by this means to ascertain the relative position of the Welsh Coal Measures to those of the other Coal Fields of Britain.