Studies regarding stigma towards mental illness in Argentina blossomed after the first National Mental Health Law was passed in 2010. Methodological limitations and contradictory results regarding community perceptions of stigma hinder comparisons across domestic and international contexts but some lessons may still be gleaned. We examine this research and derive recommendations for future research and actions to reduce stigma. These include tackling culture-specific aspects of stigma, increasing education of the general population, making more community-based services available and exposing mental health professionals to people with mental illness who are on community paths to recovery.

During the past three decades Nepal has gone through series of reforms to address the mental health needs of the Nepalese population by promulgation of an exclusive National Mental Health Policy and related Strategic Action Plan. Small but significant improvements have been achieved in Nepal with regard to mental health policies and plans. This article discusses the evolution of mental health policies in Nepal and analyses the challenges to be overcome for their effective implementation.

Sandwiched between India and China, Nepal is a small landlocked lower-middle-income country in South Asia. Once a peaceful country, it is striving to overcome the legacy of a 10-year Maoist rebellion, a royal massacre and continuing political chaos. Nepal has been in dispute with neighbouring Bhutan over the repatriation of hundreds of thousands of refugees in several camps in Nepal. In addition, the country experiences frequent natural disasters (floods and landslides) and faces several environmental challenges, including deforestation and a population explosion in southern Nepal.

Interest in the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers has steadily grown in recent years. Latest estimates indicate there are 32.9 million people of concern to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2006). A refugee is defined as being in that position because of a well-founded fear of persecution due to race, religion, nationality, social group or political opinion, and who is consequently outside and unable to return to his or her country. The status of ‘refugee’ is contrasted with that of a person seeking asylum, whose experiences may be similar but who is not formally determined in the same way.

Hong Kong was a UK colony before 1997 but has since been a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It is located in southern China and has an area of 1104 km2. Approximately 95% of Hong Kong's population is ethnic Chinese. Hong Kong is a developed capitalist economy, with a gross domestic product of US$301.6 billion (2009 estimate), of which about 5.5% is spent on healthcare and about 0.24% on mental health (World Health Organization, 2005). Despite the relatively low level of spending on healthcare, Hong Kong nevertheless has one of the longest life expectancies in the world (79.2 years for men; 84.8 years for women) and a very low infant mortality rate (2.93 per 1000 live births) (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010).

Healthcare workers have faced an unprecedented workload in overstretched health facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, and we describe various initiatives to support them. Psychological, financial and peer support, accommodation and meal services, proper personal protective equipment, applause and gratitude in the community, spiritual and religious life, child care and volunteering were identified. The potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic – permanent stress, burnout and other mental health problems among healthcare professionals – can be expected to grow. Continued monitoring is essential to bolster resilience among healthcare workers and prevent the possible consequences for their mental health.

Bangladesh is a small, populous South Asian nation with poor literacy, limited resources and a lack of basic healthcare. Caring for people with psychiatric disorders in such a setting is challenging. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Bangladesh is similar to that in other countries, yet there is a severe shortage of well trained psychiatrists and a lack of even basic mental health services. To generate large numbers of well trained psychiatrists, Bangladesh must expand its high-quality psychiatric training and education at both the postgraduate and the undergraduate levels. To achieve these ambitious goals, Bangladesh needs help and assistance from regional and international institutions. The Royal College of Psychiatrists can play a role of critical psychiatric public health importance by helping Bangladesh locally train a new generation of psychiatrists who will care for the vast number of those with ailments of mind and soul.

Ukraine, with a population of 46.2 million, is the second largest country in Europe, with an area of 603 700 km2. It is still recovering from the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, following the Soviet stagnation era (since the mid-1960s) and perestroika (from 1986), as well as the 1998 Russian financial crisis and Ukraine's 2004 Orange Revolution. These events have resulted in high levels of socio-economic disparity, political instability and a degraded healthcare infrastructure. These issues, in addition to traditionally high levels of alcohol consumption, have made binge drinking and alcoholism, among other addictions, major problems in Ukrainian society (Voloshin et al, 2003).

The use of community treatment orders (CTOs) is available in more than 70 jurisdictions around the world. Although CTOs are used extensively, their effectiveness remains doubtful. We comment on the existing evidence and focus on components that influence the outcomes of CTOs internationally. It is essential to identify factors that affect the delivery of CTOs, and mixed methodologies may improve our understanding regarding their efficiency.

The United Nations' draft Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) only briefly mention mental health. In the context of a growing burden of disease due to mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities, the inclusion of a clear mental health target and indicators in the SDGs will acknowledge the needs and rights of hundreds of millions of people. It will mobilise international funding and policy development, and support other SDGs; it will also strengthen mental health structures, governance and services in low- and middle-income countries. We argue that for a just, sustainable and inclusive post-2015 development agenda, it is vital that the United Nations includes a clear mental health target and indicators in the SDGs.

Owing to the relatively small population sizes and remoteness of the Small Island Development States (SIDS), their mental health systems face many common difficulties. These include having few mental health specialists per country, limited access to mental health services and low awareness. To overcome these limitations, the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), which aims to decrease the treatment gap by training non-specialists, was implemented in more than 20 Pacific and English-speaking Caribbean countries. Many lessons were learnt from the experience. Mental health specialist support is crucial, and online training and supervision could be a solution. mhGAP training proved to be effective to improve knowledge and attitude, but close monitoring and supervision are needed to change clinical practice. Awareness raising and mental health service capacity building need to occur simultaneously. To realise sustainable development goals, countries need to invest more in mental health, especially in human resources; mhGAP will be one effective solution.

A recent editorial in International Psychiatry (Cox, 2008) described the importance of a new initiative by the Lancet (Horton, 2007) to promote the development and delivery of mental health services and treatments in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This initiative was supported by a series of outstanding papers (Chisholm et al, 2007; Jacob et al, 2007; Patel et al, 2007; Saraceno et al, 2007; Saxena et al, 2007).

The burden on and mental well-being of family carers for the elderly, especially those with dementia, has been well studied in high-income countries and to a lesser extent in the Arab region. Our study of Lebanese carers highlights the importance of considering the psychological well-being of the family carer, and the role of dementia and depression in increasing the burden of care. Psychosocial interventions have produced equivocal results and therefore customised and contextualised interventions need to be researched. Greater understanding of the coping mechanisms used by carers is required and an examination of the positive aspects of caring is warranted.

After 20 years of experience with the legislation, it is now a good time to assess the Mental Health Act 1987 of India. How useful has it been to consumers, carers and the mental health profession? It has been perceived as isolationist because it deals only with psychiatric hospitals and excludes a large number of general hospital psychiatric units from its purview. It is also un-implementable in some parts of the country because of the shortage of resources. From a human rights perspective, it is deficient in two important ways: it failed to establish independent review bodies for involuntary admissions; and it lacks provision for research with people who have a mental illness.

Relative to its economic indicators, Sri Lanka has a high health status. The life expectancy in the year 2001 was 70.7 years for males and 75.4 years for females. Maternal and infant mortality rates have shown a downward trend over the past half century and now are around 2.3 per 10 000 live births and 16 per 1000 live births, respectively. These trends are mainly due to the high literacy rate and comparatively large investments made in health and social welfare.

This article describes the rationale and principles for the SUNDAR approach adopted by Sangath, an Indian non-governmental organisation: to use lay people, with appropriate training and supervision, to deliver psychosocial interventions for a range of mental health conditions. This approach has been evaluated in a number of randomised controlled trials and is now being scaled up. At the core of this innovation is revisiting the questions of what constitutes mental healthcare, who provides mental healthcare and where mental healthcare is provided. In doing so, SUNDAR offers a vision for a mental healthcare system which is empowering, inclusive, equitable and effective.

France is known as one of the countries where psychoanalysis still holds an important position in various fields, and specially in psychiatry. Is it a ‘culture bound syndrome' of French society, or, more seriously, a particularity that could be useful in other contexts as well? Through consideration of the role psychoanalysis is playing in French psychiatry, this paper will try to review this particularity and its interactions with the organisation and values of psychiatry in France, both in the public services and in private practice.

Following the growing global focus on deinstitutionalisation in the past 50 years, accessible community mental health services was a highlighted commitment in the European Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020 to improve well-being of patients and families. The progress of transition has been uneven in some Eastern European countries. This paper aims to update and reflect on the examples of five countries across the region.

Egypt has a population of roughly 80 million, served by about 9000 psychiatric beds, 1000 psychiatrists (one psychiatrist per 80 000 citizens), 1900 psychiatric nurses and about 200 clinical psychologists (Okasha, 2004). Service providers fall into three main sectors: public, private, and not-for-profit non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The public sector is managed essentially by the Ministry of Health and bears the brunt of service provision.

The Republic of The Gambia, on the west coast of Africa, is a narrow enclave into Senegal (which surrounds the nation on three sides), with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, enclosing the mouth of the River Gambia. The smallest country on mainland Africa, The Gambia covers 11 295 km2 and has a population of 1705 000. There are five major ethnic groups: Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, Jola and Sarahuleh. Muslims represent 95% of the population. English is the official language but a miscellany of minor languages are also spoken (Serere, Aku, Mandjago, etc.). The Gambia has a history steeped in trade, with records of Arab traders dating back to the ninth century, its river serving as an artery into the continent, reaching as far as Mauritania. Indeed, as many as 3 million slaves were sold from the region during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The Gambia gained independence from the UK in 1965 and joined the Commonwealth of Nations.