This section lists all major events that are in some way related to Automotive Ethernet. The idea is to give the readers a perspective on the development predecessing and in parallel to the introduction of Automotive Ethernet.

This chapter gives a personal outlook on how the authors see the changes, chances, and challenges in the automotive industry in relation to the introduction of Automotive Ethernet.

This chapter enlightens the framework that allowed Ethernet to be introduced as a new in-vehicle networking technology. It explains the early use cases as well as the infrastructure that was set up in order to support the proliferation of Automotive Ethernet in the automotive industry.

Before adopting Automotive Ethernet, the automotive industry had developed and used a number of in-vehicle networking technologies. This chapter explains why and how in-vehicle networking was done before the advent of Automotive Ethernet. Furthermore, it explains the eco-system the automotive industry is used to working in when adopting new technologies.

Limited power consumption is ever more important. This chapter, therefore, explains the relationship between Ethernet and the power supply and introduces the methods available for power saving when deploying Automotive Ethernet.

This chapter addresses many other aspects that are affected in addition to the direct communication links, when introducing Automotive Ethernet into the vehicle architecture. It describes how the system development process is affected, the software design, the networking architecture, test and qualification, as well as functional safety. Last but not least it shares some important lessons learned.

One of the key advantages to use Automotive Ethernet is the large number of protocols that can be used with it. This chapter explains the options that exist for Quality of Service with the Time Sensitive Networking standards. It furthermore addresses the topic of switches and virtual LANs, of IP-related decisions, and of a communication middleware that enables service-oriented communication also in the in-vehicle network. Furthermore, the basics of Automotive Ethernet related security are described.

In cars, Ethernet has to function under very specific conditions with stringent electromagnetic compatibility and quality requirements. These are true for all electronics, but especially challenging for the communication technologies and the communication links they use. This chapter thus gives an overview on the EMC, channel, and quality requirements Automotive Ethernet (and any other communication technology) has to fulfill.

This chapter gives an overview on the background and main properties of all Automotive Ethernet physical layer technologies currently available, starting from the channel, over PCS, PMA, and multidrop channel access in the case of 10BASE-T1S.

Ethernet was invented more than 40 years ago. Originally intended for the IT industry/data centers, it was adopted in a variety of industries. This chapter explains the main developments in these industries to show the starting point for the automotive industry, when adopting Automotive Ethernet.

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to:

• List common data types in IoT applications

• Understand the importance of processing

• Explain the various processing topologies in IoT

• Understand the importance of processing off-loading toward achieving scalability and cost-effectiveness of IoT solutions

• Determine the importance of choosing the right processing topologies and associated considerations while designing IoT applications

• Determine the requirements that are associated with IoT-based processing of sensed and communicated data.

Data Format

The Internet is a vast space where huge quantities and varieties of data are generated regularly and flow freely. As of January 2018, there are a reported 4:021 billion Internet users worldwide. The massive volume of data generated by this huge number of users is further enhanced by the multiple devices utilized by most users. In addition to these data-generating sources, non-human data generation sources such as sensor nodes and automated monitoring systems further add to the data load on the Internet. This huge data volume is composed of a variety of data such as e-mails, text documents (Word docs, PDFs, and others), social media posts, videos, audio files, and images, as shown in Figure 6.1. However, these data can be broadly grouped into two types based on how they can be accessed and stored: 1) Structured data and 2) unstructured data.

Structured data

These are typically text data that have a pre-defined structure [1]. Structured data are associated with relational database management systems (RDBMS). These are primarily created by using length-limited data fields such as phone numbers, social security numbers, and other such information. Even if the data is human or machinegenerated, these data are easily searchable by querying algorithms as well as humangenerated queries. Common usage of this type of data is associated with flight or train reservation systems, banking systems, inventory controls, and other similar systems. Established languages such as Structured Query Language (SQL) are used for accessing these data in RDBMS. However, in the context of IoT, structured data holds a minor share of the total generated data over the Internet.

Unstructured data

In simple words, all the data on the Internet, which is not structured, is categorized as unstructured. These data types have no pre-defined structure and can vary according to applications and data-generating sources.

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to:

• Understand the concepts of network security

• List the basic terminologies and technologies associated with security, privacy, and authenticity

• Explain functioning of digital signatures and key management

• Differentiate between network layer, transport layer, and application layer security

• Explain firewalls

• Relate new concepts with concepts learned before to make a smooth transition to IoT

Introduction

The range of operations dependent on computers, computer networks, and the Internet is vast. Healthcare, banking, governance, security, military, research, power, agriculture, and other fields are nowadays largely dependent on networked systems. The huge implications of the failure of one of these domains due to computerbased security lapses are undeniable. This necessitates the need for various security protocols for computer networks and computer-based systems. Typically, security in networks focuses on preventing unauthorized or forced access to a user's or organization's system or systems. The concept of security applies even to computers or systems which are not connected to a network or the Internet. The main aspects of securing a system are security, privacy, and authenticity. The security operations in computers encapsulate protection of hardware, software, data, and identity.

The various forms of network attacks are classified into two broad categories: General cyber threats, and threats to web databases [1]. Attacks such as authentication violation, non-repudiation, Trojan horses, viruses, fraud, sabotage, denial of service, and even natural disasters are categorized as general cyber threats. In contrast, attacks such as access control violations, integrity violations, confidentiality violations, privacy violations, authenticity violations, and identity thefts are categorized as threats to web databases. Most of the commonly available security tools are antiviruses, anti-malware, anti-spyware, and firewalls. These are mostly software-based tools and used by individuals or for personal computing systems. However, costlier options such as hardware-based systems and hardware–software hybrid systems such as access control mechanisms, hardware firewalls, and proxy servers are the most opted for security measures for large organizations. These tools are designed to protect a user from a range of attacks.

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to:

• Relate to the applicability of IoT in real scenarios

• List the salient features of vehicular IoT

• Understand the requirements, challenges, and advantages of implementing IoT in vehicles

• Relate to the appropriate use of various IoT technologies through a real-life case on vehicular IoT

Introduction

In this chapter, we discuss the application of IoT in connected vehicular systems. The use of connected vehicles is increasing rapidly across the globe. Consequently, the number of on-road accidents and mismanagement of traffic is also increasing. The increasing number of vehicles gives rise to the problem of parking. However, the evolution of IoT helps to form a connected vehicular environment to manage the transportation systems efficiently. Vehicular IoT systems have penetrated different aspects of the transportation ecosystem, including on-road to off-road traffic management, driver safety for heavy to small vehicles, and security in public transportation. In a connected vehicular environment, vehicles are capable of communicating and sharing their information. Moreover, IoT enables a vehicle to sense its internal and external environments to make certain autonomous decisions. With the help of modern-day IoT infrastructure, a vehicle owner residing in Earth's northern hemisphere can very easily track his vehicular asset remotely, even if it is in the southern hemisphere. In this chapter, we discuss the importance and applications of IoT in the vehicular systems. Figure 13.1 represents a simple architecture of a vehicular IoT system. The architecture of the vehicular IoT is divided into three sublayers: device, fog, and cloud.

• Device: The device layer is the bottom-most layer, which consists of the basic infrastructure of the scenario of the connected vehicle. This layer includes the vehicles and road side units (RSU). These vehicles contain certain sensors which gather the internal information of the vehicles. On the other hand, the RSU works as a local centralized unit that manages the data from the vehicles.

• Fog: In vehicular IoT systems, fast decision making is pertinent to avoid accidents and traffic mismanagement. In such situations, fog computing plays a crucial role by providing decisions in real-time, much near to the devices. Consequently, the fog layer helps to minimize data transmission time in a vehicular IoT system.