Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-v5vhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-05T21:50:52.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

26 - Psychosis Associated with Sensory Impairment

from Part VIII - Sensory Impairments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2010

By
Suzanne Holroyd
Edited by
Daryl Fujii  and
Iqbal Ahmed
Suzanne Holroyd
Affiliation:
University of Virginia, Department of Psychiatric Medicine, Charlottesville VA
Daryl Fujii
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Iqbal Ahmed
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders
Neurobiology, Etiology and Pathogenesis
 , pp. 513 - 532
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alroe, C. J. & McIntyre, J. N. (1983). Visual hallucinations: The Charles Bonnet syndrome and bereavement. The Medical Journal of Australia, 2, 674–5.Google Scholar
Asaad, G. & Shapiro, B. (1986). Hallucinations: Theoretical and clinical overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1088–97.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. & David, A. S. (2001). Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: A review and phenomenological survey. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 727–33.Google Scholar
Batra, A., Bartels, M., & Wormstall, H. (1997). Therapeutic options in Charles Bonnet syndrome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 129–33.Google Scholar
Berg, L. (1982). Clinical dementia rating. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1136–9.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. & Brook, P. (1982). The Charles Bonnet syndrome and the problem of visual perceptual disorders in the elderly. Age and Ageing, 11, 17–23.Google Scholar
Birbaumer, N., Lutzenberger, W., Montoya, P., et al. (1997). Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 5503–8.Google Scholar
Brugger, P., Kollias, S. S., Muri, R. M., et al. (2001). Beyond re-membering: Phantom sensations of congenitally absent limbs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 6167–72.Google Scholar
Chapman, F. M., Dickinson, J., McKeith, I., & Ballard, C. (1999). Association among visual hallucinations, visual acuity and specific eye pathologies in Alzheimer's disease: Treatment implications. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1983–5.Google Scholar
Chen, R., Cornwell, B., Yaseen, Z., Hallett, M., & Cohen, L. G. (1998). Mechanisms of cortical reorganization in the lower-limb amputees. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 3443–50.Google Scholar
Cole, M. G. (1992). Charles Bonnet hallucinations: A case series. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 267–70.Google Scholar
Cook, A. J., Woolf, C. J., Wall, P. D., & McMahon, S. B. (1987). Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal cord following C-primary afferent input. Nature, 325, 151–3.Google Scholar
Cooper, A. F. (1976). Deafness and psychiatric illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 216–26.Google Scholar
Cooper, A. F., Curry, A. R., Kay, D. W., Garside, R. G., & Roth, M. (1974). Hearing loss in paranoid and affective psychoses of the elderly. Lancet, 2(7885), 851–4.Google Scholar
Cronholm, B. (1951). Phantom limbs in amputees: A study of changes in the integration of centripetal impulses with special reference to referred sensations. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum, 72, 1–310.Google Scholar
Damas-Mora, J., Skelton-Robinson, M., & Jenner, F. A. (1982). The Charles Bonnet syndrome in perspective. Psychological Medicine, 12, 251–61.Google Scholar
Davis, K. D., Kiss, Z. H. T., Luo, L., et al. (1998). Phantom sensations generated by thalamic microstimulation. Nature, 391, 385–7.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, P. U., Geertzen, J. H., Stewart, R., & Schans, C. P. (2002). Phantom pain and risk factors: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 24, 578–85.Google Scholar
Doubell, T. P., Mannion, R. J., & Woolf, C. J. (1999). The dorsal horn: State-dependent sensory processing, plasticity and the generation of pain. In Wall, P. D. & Melzack, R. A., eds., Textbook of Pain, 4th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 165–81.
Drevets, W. C. & Rubin, E. H. (1989). Psychotic symptoms and longitudinal course of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Biological Psychiatry, 25, 39–48.Google Scholar
Ergenzinger, E. R., Glasier, M. M., Hahm, J., & Pons, T. P. (1998). Cortically induced thalamic plasticity in the primate somatosensory system. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 226–9.Google Scholar
Fainsinger, R. L., Gara, C., & Perez, G. A. (2000). Amputation and the prevention of phantom pain. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 20, 308–12.Google Scholar
Fernandez, A., Lichtshein, G., & Vieweg, W. V. (1997). The Charles Bonnet syndrome: A review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 195–200.Google Scholar
Ffytche, D. H., Howard, R. J., Brammer, M. J., et al. (1998). The anatomy of conscious vision: An fMRI study of visual hallucinations. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 738–42.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, R. G. (1971). Visual phenomenology in recently blind adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1533–9.Google Scholar
Flor, H. (2002). Phantom-limb pain: Characteristics, causes and treatment. Lancet, 1, 182–9.Google Scholar
Flor, H., Elbert, T., Knecht, S., et al. (1995). Phantom limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature, 357, 482–84.Google Scholar
Florence, S. L. & Kaas, J. H. (1995). Large-scale reorganization at multiple levels of the somatosensory pathway following therapeutic amputation of the hand in monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 8083–95.Google Scholar
Florence, S. L., Taub, H. B., & Kaas, J. H. (1998). Large scale sprouting of cortical connections after peripheral injury in adult macaque monkeys. Science, 282, 1117–20.Google Scholar
Frisons, G. (1998). Research and Practice in Alzheimer's Disease. New York: Springer Publishing, pp. 213–22.
Goetz, C. G., Leurgans Pappert, E. J., et al. (2001). Prospective longitudinal assessment of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 57, 2078–82.Google Scholar
Gold, K. & Rabins, P. V. (1989). Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: A review of the literature and presentation of six cases. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 90–8.Google Scholar
Goodman, A. L. (1982). Neurophysiological and psychopharmacological approaches to sensory deprivation phenomena. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 6, 95–110.Google Scholar
Grouios, G. (1999). Phantom sensations in a patient with cervical nerve root avulsion. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 89, 791–8.Google Scholar
Grüsser, S. M., Winter, C., Mühlnickel, W., et al. (2001). The relationship of perceptual phenomena and cortical reorganization in upper extremity amputees. Neuroscience, 102, 263–72.Google Scholar
Hammeke, T. A., McQuillen, M. P., & Cohen, B. A. (1983). Musical hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 46, 570–2.Google Scholar
Hill, A. (1999). Phantom limb pain: A review of the literature on attributes and potential mechanisms. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17, 125–42.Google Scholar
Holroyd, S. (1998). Hallucinations and delusions in Alzheimer's disease. In Vellas, B., Fitten, L. J., & Frisons, G., eds., Research and Practice in Alzheimer's Disease. New York: Springer, pp. 213–22.
Holroyd, S. (2002). Visual hallucinations: The visual system and the brain. Advances in Clinical Neurosciences, 12, 371–81.Google Scholar
Holroyd, S. (2004). Visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's Disease. In Cronin-Golomb, A. & Hof, P. R., eds., Vision in Alzheimer's Disease. Karger: Intersidcipl Top Gerontol, pp. 126–35.
Holroyd, S. & Rabins, P. V. (1996). A three year follow-up study of visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 188–9.Google Scholar
Holroyd, S. & Sheldon-Keller, A. (1995). A study of visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 3, 198–205.Google Scholar
Holroyd, S. & Wooten, G. F. (2002). Preliminary fMRI evidence for visual system dysfunction in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations (abstract). American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA.
Holroyd, S., Rabins, P. V., Finkelstein, D., et al. (1992). Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1701–6.Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Rabins, P. V., Finkelstein, D., & Lavrisha, M. (1994). Visual hallucinations in patients from an ophthalmology clinic and medical clinic population. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 273–6.Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Currie, L., & Wooten, G. F. (2001). Prospective study of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 734–8.Google Scholar
Hori, H., Terao, T., Shiraishi, Y., et al. (2000). Treatment of Charles Bonnet syndrome with valproate. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 117–19.Google Scholar
Hosty, G. (1990). Charles Bonnet syndrome: A description of two cases. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82, 316–17.Google Scholar
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W. L., et al. (1984). A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 339.Google Scholar
Huse, E., Larbig, W., Flor, H., Birbaumer, N. (2001). The effect of opioids on phantom limb pain and cortical reorganization. Pain, 90, 47–50.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. & Maier, C. (1992). Calcitonin in phantom limb pain: A double-blind study. Pain, 48, 21–7.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. P., Ehde, D. M., Hoffman, A. J., et al. (2002). Cognitions, coping and social environment predict adjustment to phantom limb pain. Pain, 95, 133–42.Google Scholar
Jensen, T. S. & Nikolajsen, L. (1999). Phantom pain and other phenomena after amputation. In Wall, P. D. & Melzack, R. A., eds., Textbook of Pain, 4th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 799–814.
Jensen, T. S., Krebs, B., Nielsen, J., & Rasmussen, P. (1983). Phantom limb, phantom pain, stump pain in amputees during the first six months following limb amputation. Pain, 17, 243–56.Google Scholar
Jensen, T. S., Krebs, B., Nielsen, J., & Rasmussen, P. (1985). Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: Incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation pain. Pain, 21, 267–78.Google Scholar
Katz, J. (1992a). Psychophysical correlates of phantom limb experience. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 55, 811–21.Google Scholar
Katz, J. (1992b). Psychophysiological contributions to phantom limbs. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 282–98.Google Scholar
Katz, J. & Melzack, R. (1991). Auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces phantom limb pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 6, 77–93.Google Scholar
Kolmel, H. W. (1985). Complex hallucinations in the hemianopic field. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 29–38.Google Scholar
Kotrla, K. J., Chacko, R. C., Harper, R. G., et al. (1995). SPECT findings on psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1470–5.Google Scholar
Krane, E. J. & Heller, L. B. (1995). The prevalence of phantom sensations and phantom pain in pediatric amputees. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 10, 21–9.Google Scholar
Lance, J. W. (1976). Simple formed hallucinations confined to the area of a specific visual field defect. Brain, 99, 719–34.Google Scholar
Larbig, W., Montoya, P., Flor, H., et al. (1996). Evidence for a change in neural processing in phantom limb pain patients. Pain, 67, 275–83.Google Scholar
Lebuffe, F. P. & Lebuffe, L. A. (1979). Psychiatric aspects of deafness. Primary Care; Clinics in Office Practice, 6, 295–310.Google Scholar
Lepore, F. E. (1990). Spontaneous visual phenomena with visual loss. Neurology, 40, 444–7.Google Scholar
Levine, A. M. (1980). Visual hallucination and cataracts. Ophthalmic Surgery, 11, 95–8.Google Scholar
Manford, M. & Andermann, F. (1998). Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. Brain, 121, 1819–40.Google Scholar
McNamara, M. E., Heros, R. C., & Boller, F. (1982). Visual hallucinations in blindness. International Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 13–5.Google Scholar
Melzack, R. A. (1990). Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends in Neurosciences, 13, 88–92.Google Scholar
Menon, G. J., Rahman, I., Menon, S. J., & Dutton, G. N. (2003). Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: The Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Survey of Ophthalmology, 41, 58–72.Google Scholar
Merabet, L. B., Maguire, D., Warde, A., et al. (2004). Visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding in sighted subjects. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, 24, 109–13.Google Scholar
Merzenich, M. M., Nelson, R. J., Stryker, M. P., et al. (1984). Somatosensory cortical map changes following digit amputation in adult monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 225, 591–605.Google Scholar
Miller, T. C. & Crosby, T. W. (1979). Musical hallucinations in a deaf elderly patient. Annals of Neurology, 5, 301–2.Google Scholar
Montoya, P., Larbig, W., Grulke, N., et al. (1997). The relationship of phantom pain to other phantom limb phenomena in upper extremity amputees. Pain, 72, 87–93.Google Scholar
Moore, N. C. (1981). Is paranoid illness associated with sensory defects in the elderly?Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 69–74.Google Scholar
Mortimer, C. M., Steedman, W. M., McMillan, I. R., Martin, D. J., & Ravey, J. (2002). Patient information on phantom limb pain: A focus group study of patient experiences, perceptions and opinions. Health Education Research, 17, 291–304.Google Scholar
Muhlnickel, W., Elbert, T., Taub, E., & Flor, H. (1998). Reorganization of auditory cortex in tinnitus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 10340–3.Google Scholar
Murata, S., Naritomi, H., & Sawada, T. (1994). Musical auditory hallucinations caused by a brainstem lesion. Neurology, 44, 156–8.Google Scholar
Needham, W. & Taylor, R. (1992). Benign visual hallucinations or “phantom vision” in visually impaired and blind persons. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 86, 245–8.Google Scholar
Nikolajsen, L., Hansen, C. L., Nielsen, J., et al. (1996). The effect of ketamine on phantom limb pain: A central neuropathic disorder maintained by peripheral input. Pain, 67, 69–77.Google Scholar
Nikolajsen, L., Ilkjaer, S., Chirstensen, J. H., Kroner, K., & Jensen, T. S. (1997). Randomized trials of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation. Lancet, 357, 1353–7.Google Scholar
Olbrich, H. M., Engelmeier, M. P., Pauleikhoff, D., & Waubke, T. (1987). Visual hallucinations in ophthalmology. Graefes Archive for Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 225, 217–20.Google Scholar
Olbrich, H. M., Lodemann, E., & Engelmeier, M. P. (1987). Optical hallucinations in the aged with disease of the eye. Z Gerentol, 20, 227–29.Google Scholar
Patel, H. C., Keshavon, M. S., & Martin, S. (1987). A case of Charles Bonnet syndrome with musical hallucinations. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 303–4.Google Scholar
Paulig, M. & Mentrup, H. (2001). Charles Bonnet syndrome complete remission of complex visual hallucinations treated by gabapentin. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 813–4.Google Scholar
Pelaez, J. R. (2000). Towards a neural network based therapy for hallucinatory disorders. Neural Networks, 13, 1047–61.Google Scholar
Poeck, K. (1964). Phantoms following amputation in early childhood and congenital absence of limbs. Cortex, 1, 276–90.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S., Rogers-Ramachandran, D. C., & Stewart, M. (1992). Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization. Science, 258, 1159–60.Google Scholar
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., Leon, M. J., & Crook, T. (1982). The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1136–9.Google Scholar
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., Leon, M. J., & Crook, T. (1988). The global deterioration scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 661–3.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, S. A., Oliveira-Souza, R., & Alvarenga, H. (1989). Bonnet syndrome and posterior parasagittal tumor. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 47, 230–4.Google Scholar
Ritchie, J. A. (1980). Nursing the child undergoing limb amputation. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 5, 114–20.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, F., Harati, Y., Rolak, L., & Freedman, M. (1987). Visual hallucinations in sane people: Charles Bonnet syndrome. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 66–8.Google Scholar
Ross, E. D., Jossman, P. B., Bell, B., Sabin, T., & Geschwind, N. (1975). Musical hallucinations in deafness. Journal of the American Medical Association, 231, 620–2.Google Scholar
Roth, M. & Cooper, A. F. (1992). A review of late paraphrenia and its aetiological bases. In Delusions and Hallucinations in Old Age, Katona, C. & Levy, R., eds. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, pp. 25–42.
Saadah, E. S. M. & Melzack, R. (1994). Phantom limb experiences in congenital limb-deficient adults. Cortex, 30, 479–85.Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. L., Diez-Sanchez, M. A., Llorca-Ramon, G., & del Canizo Frenandez-Roldan, A. (2000). Personality study in profoundly deaf adults. Revue de Laryngologie Otologie Rhinologie, 121, 339–44.Google Scholar
Sandkühler, J. (2000). Learning and memory in pain pathways. Pain, 88, 113–8.Google Scholar
Santhouse, A. M., Howard, R. J., & Ffytche, D. H. (2000). Visual hallucinating syndromes and the anatomy of visual brain. Brain, 123, 2044–64.Google Scholar
Schott, G. D. (1986). Pain and its absence in an unfortunate family of amputees. Pain, 25, 229–31.Google Scholar
Schultz, G. & Melzack, R. (1991). The Charles Bonnet Syndrome: “Phantom visual images.”Perception, 20, 809–25.Google Scholar
Seltzer, Z., Wu, T., Max, M. B., & Diehl, D. R. (2001). Mapping a gene for neuropathic pain-related behavior following peripheral neurectomy in the mouse. Pain, 93, 101–6.Google Scholar
Sherman, R. (1994). Phantom limb pain: Mechanism-based management. Pain Management, 11, 85–106.Google Scholar
Sherman, R. A., Sherman, C. J., & Gall, N. G. (1980). A survey of current phantom pain treatment in the United States. Pain, 8, 85–99.Google Scholar
Sherman, R. A., Sherman, C. J., & Bruno, G. M. (1987). Psychological factors influencing chronic phantom limb pain: An analysis of the literature. Pain, 28, 285–95.Google Scholar
Sindrup, S. H. & Jensen, T. S. (1999). Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: An update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain, 83, 389–400.Google Scholar
Sohn, D. L. (1914). The psychic complex in congenital deformity. NY Med J, 100, 959–61.Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Cruysberg, J. R., Hoefnagels, W. H., Verbeek, A. L., & Zitman, F. G. (2000). Visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people: Charles Bonnet's syndrome. Lancet, 347, 794–7.Google Scholar
Todd, J. M. (1974). Letter: Deafness and paranoia. Lancet, 2(7889), 1150.Google Scholar
Torebjörk, E., Wahren, L., Wallin, G., & Koltzenburg, M. (1995). Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia. Pain, 63, 11–20.Google Scholar
Wall, P. D. & Gutnick, M. (1974). Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: The physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating for a neuroma. Experimental Neurology, 14, 580–93.Google Scholar
Wiech, K., Preissl, H., Kiefer, T., et al. (2001). Prevention of phantom pain and cortical reorganization in the early phase after amputation in humans. Soc Neuroscience Abstr, 28, 163–9.Google Scholar
Weinberger, L. M. & Grant, F. C. (1940). Visual hallucinations and their neuro-optical correlates. Archives of Ophthalmology, 23, 166–99.Google Scholar
Weinstein, S., Seresen, E. A., & Vetter, R. J. (1964). Phantoms and somatic sensations in cases of congenital aplasia. Cortex, 1, 276–90.Google Scholar
Wengel, S. P., Burke, W. J., & Holemon, D. (1989). Musical hallucinations: The sounds of silence. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 163–6.Google Scholar
Whyte, A. S. & Niven, C. A. (2001). Psychological distress in amputees with phantom limb pain. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 22, 938–46.Google Scholar
Wilkins, K. L., McGrath, P. J., Finley, G. A., & Katz, J. (1998). Phantom limb sensations and phantom limb pain in child and adolescent amputees. Elsevier Science, 78, 7–12.Google Scholar
Woolf, C. J. & Mannion, R. J. (1999). Neuropathic pain: Aetiology, symptoms, and treatment. Lancet, 353, 1959–64.Google Scholar
Woolf, C. J., Shortland, P., & Coggeshell, R. E. (1992). Peripheral nerve injury triggers central sprouting of myelinated afferents. Nature, 355, 75–8.Google Scholar
Zubenko, G. S., Moossy, J., Martinez, A. J., et al. (1991). Neuropathologic and neurochemical correlates of psychosis in primary dementia. Archives of Neurology, 18, 619–24.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. & Cohen, N. (1984). Sources of reports of visual and auditory sensations in perceptual-isolation experiments. Psychological Bulletin, 62, 1–20.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×