The focus of the chapter is on the potential and challenges for African countries in science and development. Africa has a thriving indigenous knowledge system that can contribute to modern science. Some of the challenges are not unique to Africa but are common to other developing countries as well. No country can depend fully on other countries for its science and technology needs. A balance has to be maintained between the reliance and transfer of technology from elsewhere and the country developing its own. Sourcing and allocation of funds continue to be problems for Africa. Unlike other developing countries, Africa suffers from a brain drain, with its own consequences for the advancement of national scientific systems. A well-established system of education will go a long way towards encouraging science education and the production of new scientists, technicians and engineers. The link between science and society needs to be strengthened for the mutual, bilateral and beneficial interests of both. In order for Africa to enhance its research capacity, strenuous efforts are required on many different fronts. A functional rewards system, as worked out in some countries in Africa, encourages and motivates scientists to continue their work with dedication and commitment.