This book is about the factors and processes that promote escape from disadvantage. What is it that enables some individuals to overcome adverse childhoods and move on to rewarding lives in adulthood? The study is not about those with exceptional achievements. It is about individuals whose childhood circumstances were characterised by socioeconomic hardship, but who developed and maintained good psychosocial adjustment, and who as adults in their early thirties live relatively comfortably. There is increasing evidence from studies across many nations demonstrating the human capacity to overcome even extreme privation and trauma and to show positive adaptation in the face of that adversity, a phenomenon also referred to as resilience (Elder, 1974/1999; Garmezy, 1971; Pilling, 1990; Rutter & Madge, 1976; Rutter, 1998a; Werner & Smith, 1982, 1992). This study will advance our knowledge of resilience by comparing experiences of individuals growing up in a changing socio-historical context.

The focus of the study lies on academic attainment, but also considers behavioural adjustment, health and psychological well-being, as well as the stability of adjustment patterns over time, covering the transition from childhood into adulthood and the assumption of work and family related roles. It is argued that it is the combination of individual resources, the support provided by the family and significant others, as well as experiences and opportunities within the wider environment that facilitate successful adaptation to challenging situations. Life chances and opportunities are shaped by socio-historical and economic circumstances, gender and one's location in the social structure.