7 - System architecture
from Part III - Integration
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2016
Summary
This chapter discusses the structure of the interconnected system building blocks that make up a microgrid. These building blocks include the energy sources and storage technologies presented in Chapters 5 and 6, as well as the power electronic interfaces presented in Chapter 4, that typically link these components together into various classes of architectures. The discussion will initially cover various structures for LAPES, including the use of power electronic interfaces to provide more control flexibility. From a planning perspective, LAPES power distribution systems may rely on ac or dc buses. Hence, this chapter also includes a comparison of ac and dc microgrid performance and characteristics. Two key aspects related to LAPES architecture choices are also explored in this chapter: fault detection and behavior of microgrids with constant-power loads.
Microgrid realizations
Radial cabling is, perhaps, the most common approach for power distribution grids. In a radial distribution system, such as the one in Figure 7.1, there is one power path from local generators to each load. Since radial architectures are one of the most common approaches to design power distribution networks in large power grids, microgrids with such an architectural approach can be analyzed somewhat as an extension of conventional power grid distribution systems. One of the advantages of radial distribution systems is that circuit protection schemes are relatively simple to coordinate and design. Two other advantages of radial power distribution systems are that system components’ rating requirements are relatively simple to determine and that voltage drop compensation techniques are easily implementable. However, from a planning perspective, radial systems tend to have limited growing flexibility because load addition or new generation integration may require the installation of new cables or other components unless the originally installed cables and other components were oversized (an additional cost) when they were first installed. One other weakness in radial distribution systems is that the existence of a single power path from each load to the sources makes each power path to a load a single point of failure. Thus, power availability, as seen by each load, may be lower than that observed in equivalent LAPES with another power distribution configuration.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Microgrids and other Local Area Power and Energy Systems , pp. 301 - 336Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
[1] , “Evaluation of dc Voltage Levels for Integrated Information Technology and Telecom Power Architectures,” International Telecommunication Energy Special Conference, 2009, 7 pages, Vienna, Austria, May 10–13, 2009.
[2] and , “An LVDC Industrial Power Distribution System without Central Control Unit,” Proc. 2000 IEEE PESC, vol. 2, pp. 979–984.
[3] and , “dc Bus Voltage Control for a Distributed Power System,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 18, no. 6, November 2003, pp. 1405–1412.Google Scholar
[4] , “Striving for Power Perfection,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, no. 6, November/December 2008, pp. 28–35.Google Scholar
[5] , , and , “Securing Critical Information and Communication Infrastructures through Electric Power Grid Independence,” in Proc. INTELEC, 2003, pp. 170–177.
[6] and , “Achieving Ultra-High System Availability in a Battery-Less –48VDC Power Plant,” Proc. INTELEC, 2002, pp. 287–294.
[7] , “Technology Planning for Electric Power Supply in Critical Events Considering a Bulk Grid, Backup Power Plants, and Micro-Grids,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, June 2010, pp. 167–178.Google Scholar
[8] , , , and , “Microgrids Availability Evaluation using a Markov Chain Energy Storage Model: a Comparison Study in System Architectures,” Proc. 2012 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition, Orlando, FL, May 7–10, 2012.
[9] , “System of Electrical Distribution,” U.S. Patent 274, 290, March 20, 1883.
[10] and , “A Microgrid-Based Telecom Power System Using Modular Multiple-Input DC-DC Converters,” Proc. INTELEC 2005, pp. 515–520.
[11] and , “Optimal Configuration Analysis of a Microgrid-Based Telecom Power System,” INTELEC 2006, pp. 602–609.
[12] Emerson Network Power, “Powering the Fiber Information Network,” http://www.emersonnetworkpower.com/energysystems/pdf/power-span/ENP_FiberPowerWP_078.pdf.
[13] , Emerson Network Power, “Span Power Can Reduce the Cost of Powering the Broadband Network,” available at http://www.emersonnetworkpower.com/energysystems/pdf/power-span/ENP_SpanPowerWP_074.pdf.
[14] , “System of Electrical Distribution,” U.S. Patent 335,045, January 26, 1886.
[15] , “System of Electrical Distribution,” U.S. Patent 381,970, May 1, 1888.
[16] , “Alternating Current Motor,” U.S. Patent 433,701, August 5, 1890.
[17] , “Power Systems for Telecommunications in the IT Age,” in Proc. INTELEC, 2003, pp. 1–8.
[18] and , “Autonomous Controls of Microgrids,” Rec. 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 8 pages.
[19] and , “Dynamic Behavior and Stabilization of DC Microgrids with Instantaneous Constant-Power Loads,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 3, March 2011, pp. 822–834.Google Scholar
[20] , , , , and , “Open Series Fault Comparison in AC & DC Micro-Grid Architectures,” INTELEC 2011, 6 pages, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 9–13, 2011.
[21] , “Battery Protection–Where Do We Stand?” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 21, no 4, July 1991, pp. 658–667.Google Scholar
[22] , “AC versus DC Distribution Systems – Did We Get It Right?” Proc. 2007 IEEE PES General Meeting, vol. 1–10, pp. 3997–4001.
[23] and , “On Using the Solid State Breaker in D Systems,” Proc. IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 693–696.Google Scholar
[24] and , “Structure and Analysis of the Z-Source MVDC Breaker,” Proc. 2011 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, pp. 334–338.
[25] , , , and , “Development of a Prototype Solid-State Fault-Current Limiting and Interrupting Device for Low-Voltage Distribution Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 4, October 2006, pp. 1997–2005.Google Scholar
[26] , , , and , “Circuit Breaker Technologies for Advanced Ship Power Systems,” Proc. 2007 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, pp. 201–208.
[27] , , and , “Solid-State Circuit Breakers for Medium Voltage DC Power,” Proc. 2011 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, pp. 254–257.
[28] et al., “Telecommunications Power Architectures: Distributed or Centralized,” Proc. INTELEC, 1989, vol. 1, 1989, p. 10.1.Google Scholar
[29] and , “Distributed Power Architecture in the Context of the Cost Effective Data Center,” Proc. INTELEC, 2002, pp. 427–431.
[30] and , “Distributed Power – A Solution for the 90's. L'alimentation repartie – Une solution pour les annes quatre vingt Dix,” Proc. INTELEC, 1993, vol. 2, pp. 47–51.
[31] , , and , “Present and Future of Distributed Power Systems,” Proceedings APEC, 1992, pp. 11–18.
[32] and , “Applying Distributed Power Modules in Telecom Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 11, no. 2, March 1996, pp. 365–373.Google Scholar
[33] , “Advanced Power Electronics Enabled Distribution Architectures: Design, Operation, and Control,” 2011 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics – ECCE Asia, pp. 1484–1491, Jeju, South Korea, May 30–June 3, 2011.
[34] , “Identification of Feasible Topologies for Multiple-Input dc-dc Converters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 3, March 2009, pp. 856–861.Google Scholar
[35] , , and , “Design of Multiple-Input Power Converter for Hybrid Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 5, September 2005, pp. 1007–1016.Google Scholar
[36] and , “Controller Analysis for Active Distribution Nodes in Advanced DC Power Systems,” Proc. IEEE COMPEL 2012, Kyoto, Japan, June 13, 2012.
[37] and , “Decentralized Hierarchical Control of Active Power Distribution Nodes,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 4, December 2014, pp. 934–943.Google Scholar
[38] , , and , “A Storage Integrated Modular Power Electronic Interface for Higher Power Distribution Availability,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 5, May 2015, pp. 2645–2659.Google Scholar
[39] , and , “Power Budgeting of a Multiple-Input Buck-Boost Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 6, November 2005, pp. 1303–1309.Google Scholar
[40] and , “Analysis of a Soft-Switching Technique for Isolated Time-Sharing Multiple-Input Converters,” APEC 2012, pp. 844–851, Orlando, FL, February 5–9, 2012.
[41] , Fundamentals of Electric Power Quality, Winter 2010 Edition, CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, CA, 2010.
[42] , “Fuse Model for Over-Current Protection Simulation of DC Distribution Systems,” Proc. INTELEC, 1993, vol. 2, pp. 336–340.Google Scholar
[43] and , “Applying Distributed Power Modules in Telecom Systems,” Proc. APEC, 1994, vol. 2, pp. 777–785.Google Scholar
[44] , , , and , “Modelling, Analysis and Design of Distributed Power Systems,” Rec. PESC, 1989, vol. 1, pp. 152–159.Google Scholar
[45] and , “Multi-Converter Power Electronic Systems: Definition and Applications,” Rec. PESC, 2001, vol. 2, pp. 1230–1236.Google Scholar
[46] , , and , “Impedance Specifications for Stable dc Distributed Power Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 17, no. 2, March 2002, pp. 157–162.Google Scholar
[47] and , “Three-Dimensional Stability Analysis of dc Power Electronics Based Systems,” Rec. PESC, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 101–106.
[48] , “Autonomous Local Control in Distributed dc Power Systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.
[49] and , “Dynamics and Control of Multi-Converter dc Power Electronic Systems,” Rec. PESC, 2001, vol. 1, pp. 248–253.
[50] Lucent Technologies, 5ESS and 7 R/E Current Drain Data, Drawing SD5D002–01. Issue 13 M, Lucent Technologies, March 2000.
[51] , “Mitigation of Power System Collapse through Active Dynamic Buffers,” M.S. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004.
[52] , , , , , and , “Stabilizing a Telecom Power Supply Feeding a Constant Power Load,” Proc. INTELEC, 1998, pp. 243–248.
[53] and , “Passivity-Based Control of Buck Converters with Constant-Power Loads,” Rec. PESC, 2007, pp. 259–265.
[54] , , and , “On the Concept of Negative Impedance Instability in the More Electric Aircraft Power System with Constant Power Loads,” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Journal of Aerospace, 1999, pp. 689–699.
[55] , , , and , “Admittance Space Stability Analysis of Power Electronic Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 965–973, July 2000.Google Scholar
[56] and , “Negative Impedance Stabilizing Controls for PWM dc-dc Converters Using Feedback Linearization Techniques,” Rec. Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit, vol. 1, 2000, pp. 613–620.Google Scholar
[57] , , and , “Stability Analysis of Large dc Solid-State Power Systems for Space,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 15, issue 2, February 2000, pp. 25–30.Google Scholar
[58] and , “Robust Nonlinear Control for Boost Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 6, November 1995, pp. 651–658.Google Scholar
[59] and , “Preventing Instability in dc Distribution Systems by Using Power Buffering,” Rec. PESC, 2001, vol. 1, pp. 33–37.
[60] , , , , and , “Impedance Specification and Impedance Improvement for dc Distributed Power System,” Rec. PESC, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 889–894.Google Scholar
[61] , , , and , “Dynamics of a Buck Converter with a Constant Power Load,” in Rec. PESC, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 72–78.
[62] and , “The Application of Feedback Linearization Techniques to the Stabilization of DC-to-DC Converters with Constant Power Loads,” Proc. ISCAS, 1998, vol. 3, pp. 526–529.
[63] , “Input Filter Considerations in Design and Application of Switching Regulators,” Rec. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1976, pp. 366–382.
[64] , , , , and , “Analysis and Control of a Buck dc-dc Converter Operating with Constant Power Load in Sea and Undersea Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 42, issue 2, March 2006, pp. 559–572.Google Scholar