Wilson articulates a theory of multilayered representation in which nonprofit organizations play an important role. Applying James Madison’s Federalist No. 10 to the nonprofit sector, the author maintains that nonprofits offer additional layers of representation outside of election cycles and party platforms. Nonprofit organizations enable multilayered representation by reflecting the multidimensional needs and aspirations of individuals and the communities to which they belong. This representation lessens the possibility of faction as nonprofits create a wide and varied range of opportunities for identity development at both the individual and community levels.

The famous story of the sinking of the White Ship in 1120 and the death of king Henry I’s heir, prince William, and many members of the royal family and aristocracy was recorded by many contemporary historians. Here excerpts from sixwriters are included, passages that vary in length and style. The writers are Eadmer, William of Malmesbury, Orderic Vitalis, Symeon of Durham, Hugh the Chanter and Henry of Huntingdon. The accounts by William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis are literary masterpieces, providing historical detail and an overall depiction that has elements of epic andtragedy.

This chapter looks through the earliest establishment of immediate care, from historical records and the beginnings of some of the longest running pre-hospital services, especially those in the UK. It outlines an understanding of the foundations from which the advances in technology and clinical practice for modern pre-hospital emergency medicine are built. It outlines trauma care, and the evolution of treatments, equipment, and resources. It examines each facet of immediate care to encompass the range of triage and dispatch, lifesaving interventions, medicines, cardiac arrest management, and training and non-technical skills. Also examined are the potential developments in the equipment and strategies for resuscitation, along with aspects of what may be on the horizon for research and service development in the near future. It provides the most up-to-date overview of immediate care, which forms a vitally important component of each trauma patient’s journey from injury to recovery.

From Geoffrey of Monmouth’s hugely popular History of the kings of Britain, which influenced a great deal of medieval literature in various languages, are taken two excerpts. The first records a meeting, supposedly in the fifth century, between the Celtic leader Vortigern and the Saxon leader Hengist with his daughter Renwein (Rowen) who offers Vortigern a drink using the English greeting Wassail. The second is an account of king Arthur’s battle against the Saxons at Badon Hill.

We begin our journey into state estimation by considering systems that can be modelled using linear equations corrupted by Gaussian noise. While these linear-Gaussian systems are severe approximations of real robots, the mathematics are very amenable to straightforward analysis. We discuss the difference between Bayesian estimation and maximum a posteriori estimation in the context of batch trajectory estimation; these two approaches are effectively the same for linear systems, but this contrast is crucial to understanding the results for nonlinear systems later on. After introducing batch trajectory estimation, we show how the structure of the problem gives rise to sparsity in our equations that can be exploited to provide a very efficient solution. Indeed, the famous Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother (whose forward pass is the Kalman filter) is equivalent to solving the batch trajectory problem. Several other avenues to the Kalman filter are also explored. Although much of the book focusses on discrete-time motion models for robots, we show how to begin with continuous-time models as well; in particular, we make the connection that batch continuous-time trajectory is an example of Gaussian process regression, a popular tool from machine learning.

Fatima in Islamic Sacred Sources: This chapter explores the significance of Fatima in both popular Muslim and Shiʿi contexts. Drawing from Qur’anic verses, historical accounts, and spiritual literature, it unveils her role as a symbol of resilience against female infanticide, her dedication to social-economic justice, her active participation in interreligious events, and her mystical standing within the Islamic tradition.

Abstract

Flowers adorned the clothing and jewellery of royal and aristocratic men and women at the Tudor and Stuart courts. The textiles with which clothes were made were not gendered, nor was the ornamentation of fabrics, clothing, accessories, and jewellery, except for armour and weapons, worn exclusively by men but also ornamented with floral motifs. The application of flowers to these media was dictated by technical aspects of weaving, embroidery, and metalwork and they fall into three categories: decorative, dynastic, and symbolic. This chapter explores these aspects of floral embellishment and their interpretation, using examples of surviving garments and jewels, inventories of dress and jewellery, and portraits of the Tudor and Stuart elites.

Keywords: clothing; garments; jewellery; Tudor; Stuart; elite

Flowers blossomed on the clothing and jewellery of royal and aristocratic men and women at the Tudor and Stuart courts. Examining how they were incorporated into the various materials that comprised elite dress reveals three main categories: decorative, dynastic, and symbolic. In the following assessment, ‘decorative’ flowers are defined as those which have been simplified or are abstract to a degree that botanical identification is not possible, and those described as ‘a flower’ or ‘flowers’ in documentation relating to jewellery or textiles. Where the designs are defined well enough to identify a botanical species—pansies, gillyflower, borage, etc.—it is assumed that the meanings broadly assigned to them in Tudor and Stuart society through literary sources, such as the pansy described in Bonnie Lander Johnson's chapter in this volume, were at the very least known by the wearer and possibly intentionally chosen or embraced by them. The designation of flowers as ‘dynastic’ refers to those chosen as badges by the Tudors and Stuarts, as well as flowers in the crests or arms of aristocratic families.

As this chapter outlines, discerning into which of these categories a floral silk or jewel falls is not straightforward. Sometimes this is dictated by technical aspects of the object's creation, or it requires assessing the degrees of meaning and intention behind design choices, which were very rarely recorded.