Called “the rock that burns” by Aristotle, coal was the first major industrial fuel, created about 300 million years ago as heat and pressure compressed pools of decaying plant matter. Burned to generate heat to boil water and make steam to move a piston in a Watt “fire engine” or a giant turbine in a modern power station, the industrialization of manufacturing, transportation, and electric power is examined from beginnings in the United Kingdom to today’s increased use of coal combustion in developing countries despite the limited thermal efficiency and harmful combustion by-products.

A transition simplifies or improves the efficiency of old ways, turning intellect into industry with increased capital – when both transpire, change becomes unstoppable. The transition to a more efficient combustion fuel changed the global economy when coal replaced wood (twice as efficient) and oil replaced coal (roughly twice as efficient again). The history of the Industrial Revolution is explained through the energy content of different fuels (wood, peat, coal) from the 1800s, early steam engines that produced power for manufacturing and propulsion, and the political, economic, and social consequences of industrialization (wealth, health, and globalization), culminating in Thomas Edison’s 1882, coal-fired, electricity-generating, power station in Lower Manhattan.

This chapter provides an overview concerning the historical development of consultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP) and details the meaning of consultation and liaison activity. The procedure of consultation is detailed. Several assessment tools that support clinical investigation are presented and discussed. Specifically, the assessment of personality traits, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and other psychological factors are addressed. As far as clinical research is considered, two topics are presented: CLP within the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune perspective and CLP in the field of transplants. Finally, special attention is dedicated to the impact of CLP on health care budgets and to the role played by CLP in end-of-life care. Several skills are required in the field of CLP. Some are general (e.g., assessment of psychiatric diagnosis and medical-psychiatric comorbidity, use of psychopharmacological treatments, etc.); others are specific to the setting (e.g., transplantation, end-of-life-care, etc.). Once acquired, both general and specific skills may be implemented in psychiatric settings other than the CLP, thus representing professional assets potentially useful in all psychiatric settings. Therefore, CLP should be considered not only as a subspecialty of psychiatry, but also as a forma mentis, a professional attitude that the psychiatrist may implement in several psychiatric settings.

This chapter draws on experiences of mixing methods in the interdisciplinary research of dance, choreography, immersive performance/participatory performance, and fandom. Reflecting on the methods employed in the author’s book Tandem Dances: Choreographing Immersive Performance, the chapter treats the research process as improvisational and compositional, emerging in tandem with the work being researched. These methods include audience research, choreographic analysis, participant observation, and analysing media content. The aim of the chapter is to make the research process explicit so other researchers might apply a similarly compositional approach in audience research in other performance contexts.

Chapter 5 carries out a methodological experiment starting from perspectivism as a theory of reality, used as a heuristic device, producing a dialogue mediated by translating this native theory into our archaeological terms. The focus is on the relations between humans and things where materiality has all the qualities seen previously, non-human entities can be persons, and the capacity for agency relates to the possibility that objects will become persons. The focus is on anthropomorphic vessels from Ambato and their contexts, considered as objects that can be subjects with a point of view. Three relational situations are analysed: the manufacturing process, the contexts of use and abandonment. Manufacture, as the genesis of these vessels as subjects, is analysed through three procedures: as a copy of a model, as mimesis of a mythical object with human properties and as a form of quotation or reference to socially inscribed ways of making. It is argued that such object subjects could be de-subjectivized to turn them into pure objects. Finally, the chapter details how the relationships people established with such vessels responded to the principles of predation and commensality, just as other forms of relationship between humans and non-humans.

Anyone who has had to move about in the dark recognizes the importance of vision to human navigation. Tasks that are fraught with difficulty and danger in the dark become straightforward when the lights are on. Given that humans seem to navigate effortlessly with vision, it seems natural to consider vision as a sensor for mobile robots. Visual sensing has many desirable potential features, including that it is passive and has high resolution and a long range.

The idea of textual autonomy and singularity was secured not so much by the transparency of translation but by the opacity of what was essentially untranslatable. These untranslatables might include anything from ethnographic details of local cultures to “exotic” religious or literary practices, but the central point remained that their impermeability was a necessary guarantor of textual integrity and authenticity. Across literary and legal translations like Charles Wilkins’s The Bhăgvăt-Gēētā (1785) and The Hĕĕtōpādēs of Vĕĕshnŏŏ-Sărmā (1787), Charles Hamilton’s The Hedāya, or Guide (1791), and William Jones’s Al Shirājiyyah (1792), I argue, the untranslatable emerged as a political category, as an essential ingredient of the literary sovereign. This political character of the untranslatable was eventually ratified in the sensational impeachment trial of Hastings. Analyzing the speeches and other documents from the trial, I demonstrate how the untranslatable Indian culture became the central point of contention, and how it was the autonomy of this cultural core that determined the course of colonial governance.

In this chapter, we show how an EU policymaking episode, the EU–Turkey agreement, the most important episode in our study, is domesticated in national policymaking and how this works out differently depending on the member state. We compare the debates in four member states and then zoom in on the debates in the two most concerned member states. For Germany, this episode was instrumental in solving a domestic conflict between the chancellor and the governing parties, including her own party. Once the agreement was sealed, the German debate did not entirely subside, but it lost intensity and eventually faded out. The Greek debate, by contrast, picked up shortly before the conclusion of the agreement and then stayed intense during the implementation phase. Several years after the agreement was concluded, it gave rise to new domestic episodes in Greece, since the problems it created for Greece continued to remain unsolved.

Saul Kripke’s Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language is one of the most celebrated and important books in philosophy of language and mind of the past forty years. It generated an avalanche of responses from the moment it was published and has revolutionized the way in which we think about meaning, intentionality, and the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. It introduced a series of questions that had never been raised before concerning, most prominently, the normativity of meaning and the prospects for a reductionist account of meaning. This volume of new essays reassesses the continuing influence of Kripke’s book and demonstrates that many of the issues first raised by Kripke, both exegetical and philosophical, remain as thought-provoking and as relevant as they were when he first introduced them.

Unlike in Chapter 5, this project aims at finding a real mass density distribution of a hydrogen star of given mass. For that purpose an equilibrium condition for the gravitational and pressure-induced forces acting on a mass element is utilised. Using the integral form of Gauss’s law and the equation of state, we establish an integro-differential equation describing the mass density distribution. To numerically solve the integro-differential equation, we adapt the Adams–Bashforth method and implement a linear extrapolation based on known data points. This approach involves modelling the star as a gas under pressure using an exponential form for the equation of state, which helps in avoiding gravitational collapse. The equation of state is derived based on density functional theory data. We also discuss the constraints of this model and the significance of the parameters within it. The chapter concludes by suggesting potential numerical experiments to examine the influence of these parameters and their physical interpretation. This analysis aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of stellar structure and the behaviour of mass density distribution within stars.

There is much to do to create a modern energy paradigm, one that is clean, sustainable, and economically viable, but the changes are coming as overall efficiencies improve and manufacturing costs decrease for today’s renewable technologies. In 2000, 0.6% of total global energy production was generated either by wind or solar, a 50% increase in a decade; by 2010, the amount had doubled.1 By 2013, Spain had achieved a global first as wind-generated power became its main source of energy (21% of total demand, enough to run 7 million homes2), while both Portugal and Denmark now regularly produce days powered 100% by wind.

Historically cloudy England scored a first, as solar became the largest source of grid energy during an especially sunny 2018 spring bank-holiday weekend,3 while in the midst of high winds from Storm Bella on Boxing Day in 2020, the UK was more than half powered by wind, a new record.

This chapter discusses the importance of technological progress for achieving climate goals and how innovation, industrial and competition policies can work as powerful engines to spur decarbonisation and what it would take to ensure that the decoupling of economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions occurs at the speed necessary to reach climate neutrality by 2050.

This chapter considers important topics in forensic psychiatry. First, several definition of forensic psychiatry are given and seven specialistic forensic skills are considered. Next, the relationship between various psychiatric disorders and violence is explained. Legal issues in the field of forensic psychiatry are explained. The importance of risk assessment and risk management is highlighted. Some major issues about correctional psychiatry and forensic psychiatric treatment are explained. Finally, some key figures about European forensic psychiatry, ethical issues, and future directions are addressed.

This chapter focuses on the project of finding the potential for a given distribution of charges in a two-dimensional system, which does not possess any symmetrical properties, an extension of the cylindrical potential problem discussed in the previous chapter. Using a method of minimising a functional, specifically the Gauss–Seidel method of iterative minimisation, the Poisson’s equation is adjusted to a 2D case, neglecting one partial derivative in Cartesian coordinates. We subsequently derive a discretised form of the functional, leading to a multi-variable function, following which the problem can be solved using the Gauss–Seidel iterative method. The numerical method discussed here is the finite elements method (FEM), with an emphasis on the need for a specific sequence for updating values to optimise computation efficiency. The discussion sheds light on the importance of the uniqueness of solutions in electrostatic systems, thereby exploring a fundamental question in electrostatics. The concluding part of the chapter provides an outline of a numerical algorithm for the problem, suggesting potential modifications and points for further exploration.