The nutritional environment in early life is a key factor for brain development and function. It is important to understand the relationship between early life nutrition and academic achievement in adolescence. The Pacific Islands families (PIF) birth cohort(1) were born in the year 2000. When their child was 6 weeks old mothers were asked questions concerning food security over the last year. Two binary measures of food security were derived as previously used in PIF and also by the Ministry of Health (MOH). Records of academic achievement for 649 youth were obtained from the National Certificate of Educational Achievement database in 2019. Highest qualifications and a composite ranking score allowed achievement to be assessed at levels 1, 2 and 3 of NCEA and for University Entrance (UE, lowest to highest). More females (27%) than males (18%) achieved UE as their highest qualification and more males (40%) than females (31%) achieved level 1 or 2 as their highest qualification. UE was achieved by 25% of those born into food secure households and 17% from food insecure households. Logistic regression demonstrated that being female increased the odds of achieving UE 1.8 fold and food security a further 1.6 fold. The prevalence of food insecurity was not different by sex but high at 29% and 42% using the PIF and MOH measure of food insecurity respectively. This work emphasises the importance of maternal and early life food security for subsequent academic achievement and the well-being of future generations.

Nutrition intervention trials play a key role in informing clinical and dietary guidelines. Within these trials, we need participants to change their behaviours; however, researchers seldom systematically consider how to support participants with these changes, contributing to poor adherence. Here we evaluate how using a behaviour change framework to develop support within a dietary intervention impacts young adults’ adherence to required trial behaviours. In the Protein Diet Satisfaction (PREDITION) trial, 80 young adults were randomised to a flexitarian or vegetarian diet for 10-weeks to investigate the psychological and cardiometabolic effects of moderate lean red meat consumption as part of a balanced diet(1). To understand these outcomes, it was key that participants within the trial (i) ate a healthy, basal vegetarian diet (excluding meat, poultry, and fish not provided by research team) and (ii) reported their dietary intake daily on a smartphone application (required to evaluate intervention compliance). To enhance adherence to these behaviours the Nine Principles framework was used to develop behaviour change support (BCS)(2). Key components of the BCS included access to a dietitian-led Facebook group, text reminders, and food delivery. Effectiveness was measured using the following analyses of the 78 participants who completed the study: pre-post change in targeted dietary habits over time using a subscore of the Healthy Diet Habits Index, adherence score to reporting over 10-weeks, Facebook group engagement, and impact evaluation. Analysis included linear imputation modelling, t-tests, and chi-square analysis. The total Healthy Diet Habits Index subscore out of 16 significantly increased from baseline to week 10 (10.6 ± 2.6 to 11.2 ± 2.6, p = 0.011), demonstrating maintenance of a healthy diet. Overall adherence to reporting was high across the 10 weeks, with the total population mean reporting score 90.4 ± 14.6 out of a possible 100. This strengthens study validity, allowing us to confidently report if participants complied with study requirements of consuming the intervention protein (red meat or plant-based meat alternatives) on top of a basal vegetarian diet. Although relatively low active Facebook engagement was observed (on average <1 ‘react’ per post), most participants agreed the text messages and Facebook groups supported them to adhere to recording (63%) and eating healthily (60%), respectively. This is the first study to provide an example of how a framework can be used to systematically develop, implement, and assess BCS within a nutrition trial. This appears to be a promising way to enhance adherence to study-related behaviours, including the burdensome task of reporting dietary intake. We believe this has great potential to improve research validity and decrease resource waste, not only for the PREDITION trial but in future dietary intervention trials.

Flexitarian, vegetarian and vegan diets are increasingly popular, particularly amongst young adults. This is the first randomised dietary intervention to investigate the health, wellbeing, and behavioural implications of consuming a basal vegetarian diet that additionally includes low-to-moderate amounts of red meat compared to one containing plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) in young adults (NCT04869163)(1). The objective for the current analysis is to measure adherence to the intervention, nutrition behaviours, and participants’ experience with their allocated dietary group. Eighty healthy young adults participated in this 10-week dietary intervention as household pairs. Household pairs were randomised to receive approximately three serves of beef and lamb meat (average of 390 g total cooked weight per person per week, flexitarian group) or PBMAs (350–400 g, vegetarian group) on top of a basal vegetarian diet. Participants were supported to adopt healthy eating behaviours, and this intervention was developed and implemented using a behaviour change framework(2). Diet adherence (eating allocated meat or PBMA, abstaining from animal-based foods not provided by researchers) was monitored daily, with total scores calculated at the end of the 10-week intervention period. Eating experiences were measured by the Positive Eating Scale and a purpose-designed exit survey, and a food frequency questionnaire measured dietary intake. Analyses used mixed effects modelling taking household clustering into account. The average total adherence score was 91.5 (SD = 9.0) out of a possible 100, with participants in the flexitarian group scoring higher (96.1, SD = 4.6, compared to 86.7, SD = 10.0; p < 0.001). Those receiving meat were generally more satisfied with this allocation compared to those receiving the PBMAs, even though a leading motivation for participants joining the study was an opportunity to try plant-based eating (35% expressed that that interest). Participants in both intervention groups had increased vegetable intake (p < 0.001), and reported more positive eating experiences (p = 0.020) and satisfaction with eating (p = 0.021) at the end of the 10-week intervention relative to baseline values. Behavioural methods to encourage engagement with the trial were successful, as participants demonstrated excellent adherence to the intervention. The flexitarian and vegetarian diets elicited different responses in adherence and eating experience. This holds relevance for the inclusion of red meat and PBMAs in healthy, sustainable dietary patterns beyond this study alone.

This paper proposes a virtual reality-based dual-mode teleoperation architecture to assist human operators in remotely operating robotic manipulation systems in a safe and flexible way. The architecture, implemented via a finite state machine, enables the operator to switch between two operational modes: the Approach mode, where the operator indirectly controls the robotic system by specifying its target configuration via the immersive virtual reality (VR) interface, and the Telemanip mode, where the operator directly controls the robot end-effector motion via input devices. The two independent control modes have been tested along the task of reaching a glass on a table by a sample population of 18 participants. Two working groups have been considered to distinguish users with previous experience with VR technologies from the novices. The results of the user study presented in this work show the potential of the proposed architecture in terms of usability, both physical and mental workload, and user satisfaction. Finally, a statistical analysis showed no significant differences along these three metrics between the two considered groups demonstrating ease of use of the proposed architecture by both people with and with no previous experience in VR.

The prevalence of food allergies in New Zealand infants is unknown; however, it is thought to be similar to Australia, where the prevalence is over 10% of 1-year-olds(1). Current New Zealand recommendations for reducing the risk of food allergies are to: offer all infants major food allergens (age appropriate texture) at the start of complementary feeding (around 6 months); ensure major allergens are given to all infants before 1 year; once a major allergen is tolerated, maintain tolerance by regularly (approximately twice a week) offering the allergen food; and continue breastfeeding while introducing complementary foods(2). To our knowledge, there is no research investigating whether parents follow these recommendations. Therefore, this study aimed to explore parental offering of major food allergens to infants during complementary feeding and parental-reported food allergies. The cross-sectional study included 625 parent-infant dyads from the multi-centred (Auckland and Dunedin) First Foods New Zealand study. Infants were 7-10 months of age and participants were recruited in 2020-2022. This secondary analysis included the use of a study questionnaire and 24-hour diet recall data. The questionnaire included determining whether the infant was currently breastfed, whether major food allergens were offered to the infant, whether parents intended to avoid any foods during the first year of life, whether the infant had any known food allergies, and if so, how they were diagnosed. For assessing consumers of major food allergens, 24-hour diet recall data was used (2 days per infant). The questionnaire was used to determine that all major food allergens were offered to 17% of infants aged 9-10 months. On the diet recall days, dairy (94.4%) and wheat (91.2%) were the most common major food allergens consumed. Breastfed infants (n = 414) were more likely to consume sesame than non-breastfed infants (n = 211) (48.8% vs 33.7%, p≤0.001). Overall, 12.6% of infants had a parental-reported food allergy, with egg allergy being the most common (45.6% of the parents who reported a food allergy). A symptomatic response after exposure was the most common diagnostic tool. In conclusion, only 17% of infants were offered all major food allergens by 9-10 months of age. More guidance may be required to ensure current recommendations are followed and that all major food allergens are introduced by 1 year of age. These results provide critical insight into parents’ current practices, which is essential in determining whether more targeted advice regarding allergy prevention and diagnosis is required.

Reliable dietary assessment is key to our understanding of diet-health interactions(1). Most current dietary assessment methods are self-reported, making them prone to a range of biases(2). Objective markers, such as certain metabolite concentrations in human tissue, may prove a more reliable method of dietary assessment in the future while reducing participant burden(2,3). An example of these metabolite markers are alkylresorcinols, a family of compounds found in the bran layer of common grains. High concentrations of alkylresorcinols reflect high wholegrain intakes, very low levels indicate only refined grain intake, while no alkylresorcinols would indicate a gluten-free diet. We conducted a randomised crossover feeding study of three interventions (one standardisation day followed by a feeding day where known amounts were consumed under observation). Each feeding day differed by which food groups were provided (e.g., chicken, legumes, and fruit) or entirely absent (e.g., grains, fish, and dairy). Participants provided 24-hour urine samples on all six days (standardisation days and feeding days), as well as a 24-recalls and fasted blood samples the morning after each day. Known metabolite markers of dietary intake (approximately 70) were identified in blood and urine with LC-MSqToF, and semi-quantified with a known standard. Twenty-four hour urine sodium content was also measured as the current best known objective marker of dietary intake(4). Twenty-four participants (74% female, age (SD) 24.8 (6.1), BMI 24.1 (4.0)) commenced the study, with 21 (88%) completing all three interventions. Mean energy intake on feeding days (11720 kJ (2943.01)) was higher than self-reported energy intake on standardisation days (9243.57 kJ (3582.92)). Meals were well tolerated, with mean (range) intakes of 9.8 (6.3 – 16.1) serves whole grains, 2.4 (1.6 – 4.8) serves fish, 3.1 (1.9 – 5.5) serves dairy, 5.6 (4.5 – 9.1) serves chicken, 8.2 (7.0 – 14.1) serves legumes, 3.1 (1.3 – 4.6) serves fruit, 3.9 (2.6 – 6.4) serves red meat, 1.7 (1.35 – 2.6) serves nuts and seeds, or 13.4 (9.4 – 19.5) serves vegetables on their respective feeding days. The three feeding days provided clearly identifiable clusters when assessing the overall metabolic profile, both in terms of what was measured on the feeding days, and the difference in metabolite concentrations between standardisation day and feeding day. The relative correlations between self-reported intakes and individual metabolite concentrations reflecting specific foods or food groups with the known dietary intakes from feeding days will be presented first at the conference.

The adoption of dietary patterns emphasising higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods (plant-based diets, PBDs), continue to rise worldwide. PBDs have been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as well as major risk factors such as overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. Evidence regarding the dietary profile and disease risk associated with various PBDs in comparison to traditional meat-eating diets are scarce within the Australian population. The aim of this study is to investigate the 5-year and 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Australians habitually following various PBDs compared to a regular meat diet (RMD). The Plant-based Diet (PBD) Study is a cross-sectional study consisting of healthy adults between aged 30-75 years from the Hunter Region (NSW) between 2021-2023. A validated FFQ was used to assess eligibility and categorise individuals who were habitually consuming one of five dietary patterns for at least 6 months into the following groups: vegan (nil animal products), lacto-vegetarian (LOV, including eggs and dairy), pesco-vegetarian (PV, including seafood with/without dairy and eggs), semi-vegetarian (SV, minimal consumption of animal products) or RMDs (including animal meat daily or multiple times/day)(1). 5-year and 10-year CVD risk was quantified using the Framingham Risk Equation(2) and the Australian Absolute CVD risk calculator, respectively. CVD risk and other quantitative measures was compared using One-way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis, and Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact for qualitative data. Directed acyclic graphs displayed confounding variables and mediators and a regression model was used to adjust for these. A total of 240 participants (median age 55(16), 77.5% female) with 48 participants in each group showed a significant difference in predicted 5-year risk of CVD (P<0.05), however 10-year risk did not significantly differ across groups. 5-year CVD risk was significantly lower in the vegan group (1%) compared to the RMD, SV, PV, and LOV diet groups (all 2%). In comparison to a vegan diet, crude association showed those consuming a RMD had a 2.4% (95% CI 0.7, 4.1) higher 5-year risk of developing CVD, followed by 1.7% in LOV (95% CI 0.6, 2.9), 1.8% in PV (95% CI 0.5, 3), and 1.1% in SV (95% CI 0.2, 2.1). Significance was lost after adjusting for confounders such as age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity levels and BMI. This is the first study to purposefully sample Australians habitually following PBD, presenting novel population-based evidence for CVD risk. These findings suggest more restrictive PBDs such as vegan diets when compared to RMD may lead to lower CVD risk, however population-based longitudinal studies primary investigating the development of CVDs in the context of PBDs are warranted.

Primary school aged children (aged 4-12 years) in Australia consume approximately 40% of daily energy from energy-dense, nutrient poor foods and fewer than 5% meet the recommended guidelines for vegetables and fruit (ABS 2018). Poor eating habits in children can track into adulthood increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases later in life (Nicklaus 2013). Children spend a large amount of time at school where they are provided with social contexts which influence behaviour development (FAO, 2022) and thus are ideal settings for teaching children about food and nutrition (FAO, 2022; WHO 2017). This pilot study was designed in response to a call to action from a local primary school in southeast Melbourne facing disadvantage. Anecdotally, the school reported poor food literacy with many students bringing unhealthy lunches. The school asked us to design, pilot, and evaluate a student education program enabling healthier lunches among these children. The aim of the study was to explore the effectiveness of a 4-week food and nutrition education program delivered to grade 4 students within a disadvantaged area targeting, children’s food-related knowledge, behaviours and self-efficacy (confidence) to pack a healthy lunch. The program delivered weekly 1-hour interactive sessions over four weeks (October-November 2022). Topics included healthy eating, designing healthy lunches and food safety and were delivered using interactive games, activities, quizzes and food tasting. Students completed an online survey measuring their knowledge, self-efficacy and behaviour (e.g. foods packed in their lunchbox) pre- and post- program. A comparative analysis of the pre- and post-survey responses was performed using McNemar Tests in SPSS version 29.0. Sixty students completed both the pre- and post-surveys. A significant increase (p<0.001) in knowledge of recommended daily serves of fruit (pre 43%, post 80%) and vegetables (pre 17%, post 54%) was observed. There was also a significant (p<0.001) increase in student’s ability to identify ‘sometimes food’. No changes were observed in identification of ‘everyday food’, sources of protein and sources of dairy food or safety knowledge. Children’s confidence to make healthy food swaps significantly increased from pre- to post- program (27%45%, p = 0.035). We observed significant increases in children’s food and nutrition related knowledge for some topics and confidence to make healthy food swaps following completion of the program. A program of longer duration may be beneficial to observe additional improvements in knowledge as well as behaviour change, including foods packed in school lunches.

In this work, we consider two sets of dependent variables $\{X_{1},\ldots,X_{n}\}$ and $\{Y_{1},\ldots,Y_{n}\}$, where $X_{i}\sim EW(\alpha_{i},\lambda_{i},k_{i})$ and $Y_{i}\sim EW(\beta_{i},\mu_{i},l_{i})$, for $i=1,\ldots, n$, which are coupled by Archimedean copulas having different generators. We then establish different inequalities between two extremes, namely, $X_{1:n}$ and $Y_{1:n}$ and $X_{n:n}$ and $Y_{n:n}$, in terms of the usual stochastic, star, Lorenz, hazard rate, reversed hazard rate and dispersive orders. Several examples and counterexamples are presented for illustrating all the results established here. Some of the results here extend the existing results of [5] (Barmalzan, G., Ayat, S.M., Balakrishnan, N., & Roozegar, R. (2020). Stochastic comparisons of series and parallel systems with dependent heterogeneous extended exponential components under Archimedean copula. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 380: Article No. 112965).

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bone. The rate of bone loss is accelerated during the first postmenopausal years in women which results in their disproportionate prevalence of osteoporosis(2). Some of the factors contributing to the development and maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD) relate to diet, particularly the intake of protein, calcium and other micronutrients that play a crucial role in bone composition(3). The most common method of measuring BMD is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) which generates a two-dimensional image of the scan site (typically spine, hip and/or forearm) to determine areal BMD (aBMD). However, new methods have recently emerged, including High Resolution peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HRpQCT), that offer more accurate three-dimensional measurements of volumetric BMD (vBMD) and microstructure of distal tibia and radius(4). The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the dietary intake of nutrients that represent organic or inorganic components of the bone, in early postmenopausal women with different spine aBMD and tibia and radius vBMD levels. One hundred and fourteen healthy early postmenopausal women with a lumbar spine or total hip BMD T score > −2.5 (measured by DXA) were recruited as part of a larger interventional study. Dietary intake was recorded using a 297-point self-reported validated food frequency questionnaire(5) for assessing the intake of energy, macro and micronutrients. Physical activity was self-reported using the validated Active Australia Questionnaire. Years since menopause were self-reported. DXA and HRpQCT scans measured L1-L4 spine, proximal femur aBMD, and distal tibia and radius vBMD respectively. Non-parametric statistical tests examined differences in dietary intake and physical activity levels between women at different levels of aBMD and vBMD. Data reported as median and interquartile ranges. There were no significant differences observed in the total sample between tertiles of aBMD and vBMD, regarding nutrient intake. However, for women with less than 3 years since menopause (i.e., the time-period of accelerated bone loss), lower dietary intakes of energy [8,658(3,324) vs 10,068(3,688) kJ/day; p = 0.047], protein [94(29) vs 103(32) g/day; (p = 0.044)], sodium [1,927(992) vs 2,625(2,185) mg/d; (p = 0.044)], potassium [4,064(1,373) vs 5,121(2,377) mg/d; (p = 0.041)], calcium [969(325) vs 1,214(652) mg/d; (p = 0.028)] and zinc [10(3) vs 12(4) mg/d; (p = 0.005)] were observed for women with osteopenia (−1< L1-L4 aBMD T-score <2.5) compared to those with normal L1-L4 aBMD (i.e., T-score > −1). No significant differences were observed for women with more than 3 years since menopause, with the only exception of alcohol intake (p = 0.033), which was found to be lower in women with osteopenia compared to those with normal aBMD. These findings highlight the importance of targeting osteopenic women within the first 3 years following menopause as candidates for tailored dietary intervention programs for preventing osteoporosis.

People with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have higher weight gain and psychological distress compared to those without PCOS(1). While COVID-19 restrictions led to population level adverse changes in lifestyle, weight gain and psychological distress(2), their impact on people with PCOS is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact the 2020 COVID-19 restrictions had on weight, physical activity, diet and psychological distress for Australians with PCOS. Australian reproductive-aged women participated in an online survey with assessment of weight, physical activity, diet and psychological distress. Multivariable logistic and linear regression were used to examine associations between PCOS and residential location with health outcomes. On adjusted analysis, those with PCOS gained more weight (2.9%; 95% CI; 0.027–3.020; p = 0.046), were less likely to meet physical activity recommendations (OR 0.50; 95% CI; 0.32–0.79; p = 0.003) and had higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.10–2.75; p = 0.019) but no differences in psychological distress compared to women without PCOS. People with PCOS were more adversely affected by COVID-19 restrictions, which may worsen their clinical features and disease burden. Additional health care support may be necessary to assist people with PCOS to meet dietary and physical activity recommendations.

Folic acid (FA) and iodine supplements are recommended by the Ministry of Health (MOH) for pregnant and/or lactating women in New Zealand (NZ)(1). Evidence suggests that many NZ women are not just taking FA and iodine in the form of a single-nutrient supplement (SNS) but are taking FA and iodine as part of a multivitamin supplement (MVS) which may or may not contain the recommended doses, and some are using a combination of both(2). No NZ study has examined the daily dose taken from both SNS and MVS for both FA and iodine across all time periods (2, 3). The aim of this study was to investigate what nutritional supplements containing FA and iodine were taken by postpartum NZ women, preconception, during the three trimesters of pregnancy and post-partum, and examine how well the women’s supplement use aligned with the NZ MOH recommendations. This cross-sectional observational study utilised data gathered on FA and iodine supplement use from an anonymous survey between February and August 2022. Descriptive statistics including frequency and percentages were reported. Folic acid and iodine weekly intakes from SNS and MVS were calculated by multiplying the amount of nutrient in each supplement, with the number of times per day taken, and the average number of days taken per week reported. A total of 584 women were included in the analysis. In addition to the SNS for FA (0.8mg and 5mg) and iodine (150 ug), women took 28 different MVS. Fifty-eight percent (preconception; 30% from SNS, 18% from MVS, and 10% from both) and 96% (1st trimester pregnancy; 61% from SNS, 17% from MVS, and 19% from both) of women took FA containing supplements. More than 75% of women reported taking iodine containing supplements during pregnancy (1st and 2nd trimesters: 93%, 3rd trimester: 89%) and postpartum (76%).Approximately 60% took SNS, 18% took only MVS and 14% took both. Based on the MOH recommendations, only 30% (preconception) and 62% (1st trimester) achieved sufficiency of FA supplementation at 0.8mg/day; 35% (preconception) and 69% (1st trimester) achieved sufficiency of FA at 5mg/day; around 50% women achieved sufficiency of iodine supplementation at 150 µg/day during pregnancy while only 37% during postpartum. The balance either took none, an insufficient dose or a dose that exceeded the recommended dose and many took them during non-recommended periods (FA after the 1st trimester; iodine preconception). Most women reported taking FA and/or iodine containing supplements at some point before, during and after their pregnancy. However, it is concerning that a large number of women do not seem to be adhering to the MOH recommendations for FA and iodine supplementation.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have higher risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases due to chronic gut and systemic inflammation which promotes atherogenesis. Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can prevent development of cardiometabolic diseases, but can be challenging for people with IBD. The IBD exercise and diet (IBDeat) habits study describes the lifestyle habits and cardiometabolic disease risk factors of adults with IBD in Aotearoa, New Zealand (NZ).

This is a cross-sectional study including adult NZ IBD patients recruited online via Crohn’s and Colitis NZ and Dunedin hospital from 2021 to 2022. An online questionnaire collected demographics, smoking status, comorbidities, medications, disease severity scores, quality of life, physical activity, and dietary intake. The Dunedin cohort had physical measurements taken including anthropometrics, handgrip strength, blood pressure, body composition (bioelectrical impedance), blood nutritional markers, and faecal calprotectin. Data were compared to established reference values and linear regression analysis investigated associations between lifestyle habits and cardiometabolic risk factors. The study received University of Otago ethical approval (reference: H21/135). A total of 213 adults with IBD (54% Crohn’s disease; 46% ulcerative colitis) completed the online questionnaire and a subset of 102 from Dunedin provided physical measurements. Participants characteristics were: median age 37 (IQR 25, 51) years, 71% female, 82% NZ European, 4% smokers, and 1.4% had active IBD. Thirty-five percent of participants had at least one comorbidity and 34% of participants had poor quality of life. Known dietary risk factors associated with cardiometabolic diseases were common: low intakes of vegetables (77%), fruit (51%), fibre (35%) and high intakes of total fat (84%) and saturated fat (98%). Physical activity recommendations were met by 61% of participants and 63% reported barriers to being more active from fatigue (63%) and joint pain (54%). Other cardiometabolic risk factors were common in the Dunedin cohort: high LDL (79%) and total cholesterol (76%), central adiposity (64%), high body fat percentage (44%), high blood pressure (26%), and low handgrip strength (25%). Regression analysis showed that vegetable (per serve) and carbohydrate (per 5% of total daily energy intake (TE)) were associated with 0.22 mmol/L (95%CI 0.43, 0.013) and 0.20 mmol/L (95%CI 0.34, 0.057) lower LDL cholesterol. Discretionary food items were associated with higher LDL cholesterol, 0.11 mmol/L per daily serve (95%CI 0.028, 0.19). A 5% difference in TE intake from carbohydrate was associated with 1.11% (95%CI 2.22%, 0.0038%) lower body fat percentage while protein was associated with 3.1% (95%CI 0.81%, 5.39%) higher body fat percentage. Physical activity had weak associations with cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Adults with IBD have multiple modifiable risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Vegetable and carbohydrate intake were associated with lower LDL cholesterol concentration while discretionary food items showed otherwise. Protein intake was associated with higher body fat percentage.

In radio astronomy, the science output of a telescope is often limited by computational resources. This is especially true for transient and technosignature surveys that need to search high-resolution data across a large parameter space. The tremendous data volumes produced by modern radio array telescopes exacerbate these processing challenges. Here, we introduce a ‘reduced-resolution’ beamforming approach to alleviate downstream processing requirements. Our approach, based on post-correlation beamforming, allows sensitivity to be traded against the number of beams needed to cover a given survey area. Using the MeerKAT and Murchison Widefield Array telescopes as examples, we show that survey speed can be vastly increased, and downstream signal processing requirements vastly decreased, if a moderate sacrifice to sensitivity is allowed. We show the reduced-resolution beamforming technique is intimately related to standard techniques used in synthesis imaging. We suggest that reduced-resolution beamforming should be considered to ease data processing challenges in current and planned searches; further, reduced-resolution beamforming may provide a path to computationally expensive search strategies previously considered infeasible.