Euripides’ Orestes, produced in 408 BCE, stands as the culmination of a decade of experimentation with monody as a versatile dramatic form. At the climax of the play, the disappearance of Helen is reported not by a messenger in an iambic rhesis, but by an anonymous Phrygian slave in a virtuosic monody that is twice as long as all the combined songs of the chorus. The tonal and rhetorical ambiguities in the Phrygian’s song underscore the increasing fragmentation and chaos of the plot. This monody overturns the expectations of the audience through its combination of the traditionally antithetical genres of monody and messenger speech. The Phrygian is an unprecedented type of narrator in tragedy, offering instead of an objective reporting of events a “polyphonic” account that draws on multiple genres and styles.

If description facilitates the effect of ante oculos ponere, one can also state (echoing Cicero) that direct speech confers upon John the power ad aures ponere, allowing him simultaneously to appear as a mere spectator and aural witness to what he has heard. This explains the recurrent use of the lexeme ????sa throughout the entire account. As we know, direct speech facilitates the momentary concealment of the narrator. John deftly uses this device to shift the protagonist role to the voices that he hears. To recreate the dramatic action, the author of the book of Revelation borrows various techniques from tragedy: the chorus; a frequent recourse to deixis; the use of dialogue to indicate movement; and messenger speeches. As though these theatrical devices were not sufficient to express what the narrator heard, the author also makes use of the dramatized epistolary form. In addition, we must remember that John also witnessed an aural environment replete with celestial chanting, the sound of trumpets, etc. Through language, the audience is immersed in the revelation’s aural context. Finally, John is aware that his text will be read aloud; this explains the use of the oral style.