Introduction to the research claims and objectives of the work as a whole, paying attention to the fraught relationship between psychoanalysis, race, and poverty. A historical outline of the Freudian free clinic movement is used to examine the viability of an adapted psychoanalysis, with its components of free or low-fee therapy, community outreach, lay counselors, etc.

1. To describe the complexities facing MNEs when operating in emerging economies because of ‘institutional voids’.

2. To explain how to create a map of an emerging economy’s institutional context and its implications for strategy.

3. To outline four possible strategies that MNEs can use when they engage with local start-ups to reduce distance factors in emerging economies.

4. To make clear how emerging economies can develop a circular economy (CE) that typically involves the input of foreign MNEs.

5. To throw light on the emerging economy’s specificities affecting bounded rationality and bounded reliability facing the MNE.

This chapter focuses on intensifying urbanization as a global phenomenon. Each year, the equivalent of two cities the size of Tokyo are built; one in six urban dwellers live in slums; and we are heading towards that black figure of 2°C global warming (the subject of the next chapter). The twenty-first century has been already called the ‘Urban Century’, supposedly leaving behind the Century of Nation-States (the twentieth century) and the Century of Empires (the nineteenth century) as prior dominant forms. While it is certainly true that urbanization has become one of the dominant global trends, this prognosis is hyperbolic, missing the tensions between different levels and forms of governance. Cities across the world are crossed by global processes of ecological pressure, economic fragility, political contestation, and cultural questioning. All of this means that the current approach to ‘global cities’ is reductive and skewed. Here, we confront a shibboleth in scholarly writing—not only has the urbanization of the world been a long-term if massively accelerating process, but it should also be said that cities have long been the locus of globalization processes.