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3 results

  • Chapter 1 - Female Crime and Female Confinement in Late Antiquity

  • from Part I - Women and Children First
  • Edited by Kate Cooper, Royal Holloway, University of London, Jamie Wood, University of Lincoln
  • Book:
    Social Control in Late Antiquity
    Published online:
    18 September 2020
    Print publication:
    01 October 2020, pp 15-38

  • Summary

    Although Roman criminal law differentiated between male and female offenders, women were not necessarily treated more leniently than men. Female sexual crime especially could be prosecuted in a visible manner and punished severely. This chapter discusses late antique families’ strategies for evading potentially humiliating public criminal process when it came to addressing the wrongdoing of female family members. Always a possibility in the accusatory criminal system of the Roman world, these strategies of evasion became increasingly formalised during late antiquity with the rise of ecclesiastical mediation. Such extrajudicial redress could result in women’s domestic seclusion. Towards the end of antiquity, female confinement was moved from the extrajudicial to the judicial sphere, with the introduction of the penalty of forced residence in a monastery. While forced residence in a monastery was seen as applicable to both male and female offenders, when applied to women it eased the pressures exerted by Roman law’s interference with intimate family affairs. In this way, the monastery became a locus of intersection between small-scale household-based and large-scale state acts of social control.

  • Gender Differences in Children's and Parents' Social Support Perceptions

  • Mandy Matthewson, Rosanne Burton Smith, Iain Montgomery
  • Journal:
    Journal of Relationships Research / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / 01 March 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 February 2012, pp. 10-16
    Print publication:
    01 March 2011

  • There are limited studies investigating gender differences within the father–child and mother–child relationships with regard to social support provisions within these relationships. This study aimed to explore gender unity in children's and parents' perceptions of social support within the parent–child relationship. The participants included 91 families who completed measures of social support satisfaction and social support effectiveness. Results were contrary to the gender unity assumption. Findings indicated that mothers and fathers provide different types of support to their children regardless of their child's sex. Further, this study demonstrated the importance of father–child interactions and the need to further investigate the types of support fathers provide their children. This study explored gender differences in social support perceptions within the parent–child relationship. It investigated if mothers and fathers perceive the support they provide their children with is differentiated according to whether their child is a son or a daughter (i.e., gender unity). In this study, gender unity relates to whether parents consider themselves to be more effective in their support provisions to their same-sex child than to their opposite-sex child. Moreover, gender unity also pertains to whether children are more satisfied with the support provided by their same-sex parent than their opposite-sex parent. It is therefore important to define social support in order to understand it within the context of the parent-child relationship.

  • 1 - Pubertal development and the emergence of the gender gap in mood disorders: A developmental and evolutionary synthesis

    • By Nicholas B. Allen, ORYGEN Research Centre and Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Australia, Anna Barrett, ORYGEN Research Centre and Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Australia, Lisa Sheeber, Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA, Betsy Davis, Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
  • Edited by David Castle, University of Melbourne, Jayashri Kulkarni, Monash University, Victoria, Kathryn M. Abel
  • Foreword by Jill Goldstein
  • Book:
    Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Women
    Published online:
    13 August 2009
    Print publication:
    23 February 2006, pp 1-19

  • Summary

    This chapter examines the emergence of the gender gap in depressive disorders at puberty, and to compare alternative theories as to the factors that underpin gender differentiation in depression at this developmental stage. The gender intensification hypothesis suggests that gender role orientations become more differentiated between the sexes over the adolescent years, as a result of exacerbated gender socialisation pressures during this time. The social-risk hypothesis of depression suggests that depressed mood evolved to facilitate a risk-averse approach to social interaction in situations where individuals perceive their social resources to be at critically low levels. Sexual selection has been used to understand the emergence of sex differences in a variety of areas of human behaviour. Research on sex differences in social cognition has supported the prediction that females are more sensitive to the negative social implications of information.