Chapter 4 addresses the rising civil costs of dissent. It examines the various costs and liabilities that apply to protest organizers, participants, and supporters. These include permit fees, damages resulting from personal injury lawsuits, statutory penalty enhancements, and loss of public benefits. The chapter makes the case for stricter First Amendment scrutiny of these costs and argues that certain fee-shifting arrangements and civil causes of action violate the First Amendment. It encourages public officials to commit to reducing rather than piling on the costs of dissent.

The author details her team’s research investigating sex differences in serial murder from an evolutionary perspective. Per Trivers’ (1972) Parental Investment Theory, evolved psychological mechanisms serve sex-specific interests to maximize reproductive fitness (genes represented in subsequent generations). As predicted, men – who produce millions of sperm daily and have an increased sex drive – commit serial murder primarily for sexual reasons. Women, who have limited reproductive opportunities compared to men, have evolved to place great importance on resources. As such, women commit serial murder primarily for monetary gain. Moreover, mirroring ancestral agrarian tendencies, male serial killers (MSKs) are hunters (stalkers) of victims, and female serial killers (FSKs) are gatherers of profit and “gather” victims in their immediate environment, including relatives. The author stresses that an evolutionary perspective (ultimate perspective) does not explain the entirety of serial murder. We must consider converging perspectives, including evolutionary, proximate biological, clinical, traumagenic, cultural, historical, social, and gender-role forces that contribute to the development and growth of the human psyche.

All too often, we see the leadership above us as obstructionist, miserly, or otherwise misguided or misaligned. This is usually not the case, but there are often communication issues up and down that create that impression and sometimes lead to an adversarial relationship. Both groups benefit by aligning their goals, and the earlier they do so, the better. This chapter will speak mostly to aligning your goals with that of your hospital, with some time at the end devoted to the medical school. They have many similarities, but some important differences. Understanding their priorities will help you to align yours. We discuss the paramount importance of understanding the finances both of your group and the group above you, hospital or medical school. There are ways to maximize your productivity to a mutually beneficial end, and being overt with leadership about this is always welcome. You should gain an understanding of what a “return on investment” or ROI means to the leadership above you, as this is a central concept to their willingness to invest in you and your group. You will gain an understanding of the downstream effect of your group’s efforts, particularly financial. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the key individuals you communicate with and how to approach situations where you are having communication issues. It concludes with how to align goals with the leadership above your group.

The legitimacy of ISDS appears to depend in part on an expectation that it benefits smaller businesses, not just large multinationals and the super-wealthy. This chapter collects data on size and wealth of the foreign investors that have brought claims and received monetary awards due to ISDS. Categories for the size and wealth of foreign investors are compared to the size of damage awards, which helps determine that the primary beneficiaries in ISDS cases have been companies with annual revenue exceeding US$1 billion and individuals with net wealth in excess of US$100 million. The main finding is that the beneficiaries of ISDS-ordered financial transfers, in the aggregate, have overwhelmingly been wealthy individual investors and large companies – and especially extra-large companies. The authors also note that the awards gained by small companies are not so different from their legal costs.

Chapter 1 argues that total global public banking capacity is exponentially greater than what tends to be reported by international institutions. Two premises support the argument. First, the financing for development literature provides an inconsistent and inaccurate empirical account of public banks around the world. The forcefulness of this premise depends on the second premise, namely that national and subnational public banks persist in significant institutional numbers and size. The chapter shows there are more than 900 public banks with nearly $49 trillion in combined assets. Understanding the actual capacity of (sub)national public banks is a precondition for having an informed debate on the future of public banks and for whom they might catalyse a global green & just transition. The chapter opens this discussion by first locating public banks within the wider credit system and in relation to other types of public financial institutions.

Chapter 4 examines the role of international administrative mechanisms (linked with a judicial mechanism) in the provision of reparations for international crimes. It questions whether reparations should be dealt with primarily by administrative mechanisms such as trust funds or claims commissions, and examines these questions through the lens of the legal framework and experience of the ICC Trust Fund for Victims (TFV), as the main administrative mechanism dealing with reparations for international crimes. Considering the important questions that the TFV raises regarding reparations and the central role it has played thus far in the ICC context, the book devotes a separate chapter to the TFV to fully engage with the unique dimensions of its mandates, the challenges it faces and whether it can serve as a model for the development of other administrative mechanisms for reparations for international crimes. This chapter carefully analyses the TFV within the ICC structure, its reparations and assistance mandates, the role it has played in the implementation of the first decisions on reparations, and how this role should further develop. It also discusses the practical implications of the activities of the TFV on reparative justice, and its practical challenges, including scarcity of resources.

With the creation of the Brady Plan – a program developed by US Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady in 1989 to convert national debt into bonds following the Latin American debt crisis – emerging market countries joined their wealthier cousins as important participants in global bond and equity markets. The subsequent profitability and popularity of emerging market bonds combined with the securitization of other debts (most notably the packaging of mortgages into tradable securities), the creation of a wide range of increasingly sophisticated finance instruments and the normalization of free capital mobility led to a dramatic surge in the growth of private-sector liquidity and sparked the development of the extraordinarily highly interconnected global financial marketplace that we live in today. The resulting globalization of finance has transformed the international financial system from one dominated by official, public sources of capital to one in which private-sector components of liquidity now permeate virtually all facets of the financial system.