Brown trout and rainbow trout (average weight 100 g) were reared in fresh water at 12 °C under the same conditions before transfer of brown trout to sea water, in order to compare nitrogen utilisation in the two species. Apparent protein digestibility (ADC), nitrogen (ammonia and urea) excretion, protein productive value (PPV) and actual observed nitrogen mass balance were determined. Rainbow trout raised in fresh water had a higher growth rate (1.1 vs 0.8%.d−1), better food conversion ratio (0.7 vs 1.0), better ADC (91 vs 85%) and PPV (45 vs 35%) and lower ammonia excretion rates than brown trout reared in fresh water. Transferring brown trout to sea water induced lower PPV (30%) and ammonia and urea excretion. Salinity did not modify metabolic efficiency in brown trout. Fat content was higher in brown trout (7.7-8.9% ww) than in rainbow trout (5.7-7.6% ww). Nitrogen mass balance indicated that compounds other than ammonia and urea were produced in higher quantities by seawater brown trout. Behaviour, less domestication and specific ability to utilise protein could explain the differences between the two species.

The rates of growth and nitrogen efflux (total nitrogen and ammonia) of individual C. gariepinus ($\bar{x}~=~32.2$ g; S.D. = 4.8 g) kept under 4 feeding regimens, following a 48 h imposed fast (phase l), were measured periodically. In phase 2 (35 d), groups A, B and C were fed a 49.75%, 45.55% or 41.10% protein diet respectively at a ration of 0.5% body weight (1 d−1) Group D were not fed. In phase 3 (25 d) all groups were fed the 41.10% diet. In phase 1, the ammonia efflux rates were lower than any of the values found in either phase 2 and 3. In phase 2, group A (49.75%) had a higher mean ammonia efflux rates than the other groups and ammonia comprised 60-100% of the total nitrogen efflux in all groups. Group D showed a direct relationship between ammonia efflux rate and length of fast. In phase 3, refeeding with the 41.1% protein diet caused the ammonia efflux rates of groups B and D to converge within 7 days to values no different from those of group C, but group A maintained a significantly higher mean value until day 25. During phase 2, the growth rates in B (45.55%) were greatest, but, none of the among groups differences were significant. Group D fish (unfed) lost approximately 30% of their initial weight during phase 2. Nitrogen efflux rates, notably ammonia, showed a pattern of excretion that was directly related to the protein content of the diet, but that the source of dietary protein, dietary energy and the total available energy also influenced nitrogen metabolism. The small differences in growth found were related to between diet differences in composition. The weight loss in the unfed group of fish was probably attributable to the utilisation of lipid and/or protein reserves as metabolic fuels.

The pattern of ammonia excretion was examined in the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri, during starvation. For different weight groups (60 g to 2 kg), this excretion decreased rapidly to reach a constant level of 32 mg NH4-N.kg-1.day-1 after 8 days of fast. This minimum is an estimation of the Endogenous Nitrogen Excretion (ENE). No diurnal pattern was observed in the ammonia excretion or oxygen consumption (28.6 ± 3.2 mg O2.kg-1.h-1, mean ± sd) of fasted fish. These data appear to indicate that the basal metabolism is very low in the Siberian sturgeon and that the nycthemeral cycle is only the result of exogenous nutrition.