This section provides an overview of the English varieties spoken on the Channel Islands with a focus on the two largest islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Politically associated with the English Crown since the Norman Conquest, but primarily Francophone until the nineteenth century, Channel Island English has been shaped by a long history of linguistic contact between insular Norman French, standard French and several English varieties. Anglicisation became almost complete, however, in the second half of the twentieth century. Although the Channel Islands have not been studied extensively or continuously, the existing studies have revealed the great extent to which contact with Norman French has coloured the English spoken on Jersey and Guernsey. Despite the survival of some unique dialect features, these studies also show that processes of standardisation and levelling are well under way in Channel Island English, influenced by factors such as ongoing dialect contact, identity issues, education and changing social network structures. After a brief account of the socio-historical setting and today’s linguistic situation on the Islands, more recent research on variation and change in Channel Island English is presented, including a description of its most important phonological and morphosyntactic features.

This chapter will focus on patterns repetition in speech fragments from Cato the Elder to C. Gracchus, as well as the speeches quoted in the Rhetorica ad Herennium, with a view to understanding their composition and intended effects. Repetition provides a systematic framework for many of the traditional rhetorical figures, such as anaphora, alliteration, homoeoteleuton, antithesis and polyptoton (see D. Fehling, Die Wiederholungsfiguren und ihr Gebrauch bei den Griechen vor Gorgias, Berlin 1969; cf. J. Wills, Repetition in Latin Poetry, Oxford 1996). Using repetition as a lens allows analysis not only of longer extracts but also of very short fragments. These patterns will be used to test the thesis that Roman oratory continued to respond to the ancient Latin form of the carmen even while being influenced by Greek rhetorical ideas (cf. on this point E. Sciarrino, Cato the Censor and the Beginnings of Latin Prose, Columbus 2011). The transmission of the fragments under consideration is itself heavily influenced by the rhetorical and grammatical tradition, and my discussion will accordingly take account of the screening effects which this transmission has on the evidence.

This chapter introduces two common emphatic constructions in Chinese: the 连...都/也 lián...dōu/yě construction and the 是...的 shì...de construction. The differences between expressing emphasis in Chinese and English are examined.

Suprasegmentals are phonetic elements that are not restricted to individual segments, but whose influence extends across a number of segments. What is phonetically the same type of suprasegmental may play a role at a very different place in the grammatical structure of a given language. One type is prominence, involving extra loudness and duration of the segments that are affected. In English, prominence is primarily grammatical stress playing a role in word pronunciation, but also emphasis, playing a role in the structure of a phrase or sentence. In English, an unstressed syllable contains a reduced vowel, normally realized as schwa. Another type of suprasegment involves variation in fundamental frequency. If this occurs at the level of the word (especially where words are restricted to a single syllable), the phenomenon is tone. Where F0 variation plays a role in the grammatical structure of the phrase or sentence, the phenomenon is intonation. Articulatory set (setting) is considered as a suprasegmental.

The purpose of the Discussion is to tell the reader whether the data are likely to prove or disprove the hypothesis, presenting relevant arguments, consider in relation to previous publications. Indicating where caution in interpretation is needed, and qualifying conclusions as necessary.