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1 results

  • 3 - Consonants

  • from Section I - Segmental Production
  • Edited by Rachael-Anne Knight, City, University of London, Jane Setter, University of Reading
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Phonetics
    Published online:
    11 November 2021
    Print publication:
    02 December 2021, pp 65-105

  • Summary

    Consonants are speech sounds produced with a closure or near complete constriction of the vocal tract. All languages systematically exploit place of articulation to differentiate consonants. Eight other phonetically independent parameters are used to create consonant contrast: airstream, constriction degree, laryngeal setting, nasality, laterality, length, articulator stiffness, and respiratory strength. Aspiration, affrication, pre-stopping, secondary articulations, and other properties of ‘complex’ consonants are best described as patterns of coordination in the underlying gestures.