The interaction between stellar winds and the partially ionized local interstellar medium (LISM) is quite common in astrophysics. However, the main difficulty in describing the neutral components lies in the fact that the mean free path of an interstellar atom, l, can be comparable to the characteristic size of an astrosphere, L (i.e. the Knudsen number, which is equal to l/L, is approximately equal to 1, as in the case of the heliosphere). In such cases, a single-fluid approximation becomes invalid, and a kinetic description must be used for the neutral component. In this study, we consider a general astrosphere and use a kinetic-gas dynamics model to investigate how the global structure of the astrosphere depends on the Knudsen number. We present numerical results covering an extremely wide range of Knudsen numbers (from 0.0001 to 100). Additionally, we explore the applicability of single-fluid approaches for modelling astrospheres of various sizes. We have excluded the influence of interstellar and stellar magnetic fields in our model to make parametric study of the kinetic effects feasible. The main conclusion of this work is that, for large astrospheres (with a distance to the bow shock greater than 600 AU) a heated rarefied plasma layer forms in the outer shock layer near the astropause. The formation of this layer is linked to localized heating of the plasma by atoms (specifically, ENAs) that undergo charge exchange again behind the astropause. This process significantly alters the flow structure in the outer shock layer and the location of the bow shock, and it cannot be described by a single-fluid model. Additionally, this paper discusses how atoms weaken the bow shocks at near-heliospheric conditions.

We perform spectral fittings for O-type stars based on self-consistent wind solutions, providing Ṁ and ν(r directly derived from the initial stellar parameters. We introduce our two methods: m-CAK prescription and Lambert-procedure.

The Lambert-procedure allows the calculation of consistent v(r) that reduce the number of free parameters when a spectral fitting using CMFGEN is performed, even without recalculation of the Ṁ. Spectra calculated from our Lambert-solutions show significant differences compared to the initial β-law CMFGEN models. For m-CAK prescription, self-consistent solutions provide values for theoretical Ṁ on the order of the most recent predictions from other studies. Later, we find a global fit with the RT code FASTWIND. This is an important step towards the determination of stellar and wind parameters without using β-law. Our m-CAK prescription is valid for the O-type stars with Teff ≥ 30 kK and log g ≥ 3.2.

We expect that solutions introduced here to be extended to numerous studies about massive stars in future.

B supergiants (BSGs) lie on the cool end of line-driven wind regime, such that the study of their atmospheres can help us to understand the physics of line-driven winds. So far key features of their spectra, especially in the UV region, could not be reproduced consistently with atmosphere models. This represents a significant gap in our knowledge of their physical properties and behavior, which is particularly striking for BSGs on the cool side of the Bi-Stability Jump (cooler than B1). To address this problem, we analysed a sample of Galactic cool BSGs, with sufficient UV and optical coverage. None of our targets are detected in X-rays with only upper limits existing for some of them.

The wind-driving process of AGB stars is thought to be a two-step process: first matter is levitated by shock waves, and then accelerated outwards by radiation pressure on newly condensed dust grains. When modelling such a wind, spherical symmetry is usually assumed. This is in stark contrast with recent observations, which shows significant non-spherical structures. Giant convection cells cover the surface of the star, and matter is being ejected into the atmosphere where it condenses into lumpy dust clouds. We try to quantify the differences between what is simulated in the 3D star-in-a-box models (CO5BOLD code) and the 1D dynamical atmosphere and wind models (DARWIN code). The impact of having a non-spherical star on the wind properties is also investigated. We find that the inherent non-spherical behaviour of AGB stars might induce a dust-driven weak wind already early on the AGB, and including that the star is anisotropic when simulating the wind leads to large time variations in the density of the outflow. Such variations might be observable as small-scale structures in the circumstellar envelope.

Population of high quantum number states can differ from their LTE values at high densities (Ne ~106 − 108 cm−3) and temperatures of the order of 104 K. In this case, the intensity of recombination lines can be strongly amplified. The amount of amplification depends on density and temperature, and it is different for different quantum numbers, allowing the determination of the physical and kinematic conditions of the emitting region through the observation of recombination lines of different quantum numbers. This was the case of the massive binary system η Carinae. This system was observed with ALMA in the recombination lines H21α, H28α, H30α, H40α and H42α and the continuum at the frequencies of the corresponding lines. The continuum spectrum was characteristic of a compact HII region, becoming optically thin at around 300 GHz. From the intensity and width of the recombination lines we concluded that the not-resolved emission region, assumed spherically symmetric, is a shell of 40 AU radius and 4 AU width, expanding at velocities between 20 and 60 km s−1, with density of 107 cm−3 and temperature of 17000 K.

Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are the most advanced stage in the evolution of the most massive stars. The strong feedback provided by these objects and their subsequent supernova (SN) explosions are decisive for a variety of astrophysical topics such as the cosmic matter cycle. Consequently, understanding the properties of WR stars and their evolution is indispensable. A crucial but still not well known quantity determining the evolution of WR stars is their mass-loss rate. Since the mass loss is predicted to increase with metallicity, the feedback provided by these objects and their spectral appearance are expected to be a function of the metal content of their host galaxy. This has severe implications for the role of massive stars in general and the exploration of low metallicity environments in particular. Hitherto, the metallicity dependence of WR star winds was not well studied. In this contribution, we review the results from our comprehensive spectral analyses of WR stars in environments of different metallicities, ranging from slightly super-solar to SMC-like metallicities. Based on these studies, we derived empirical relations for the dependence of the WN mass-loss rates on the metallicity and iron abundance, respectively.

In this work we investigate the relation between wind momentum $\Pi$ and the luminosity of the CSPNs in the LMC taking advantage of the less uncertain distances to these objects. We show that these winds obey the same relation as the Galactic O stars and therefore have the same physics.

We describe some of the observational phenomena associated with colliding stellar winds, focussing especially on close WR+O binaries. In particular, we report some new ultraviolet observations of CQ Cep and V444 Cyg. We also discuss some of the general theory of such wind collisions.

We present results from a near-infrared array, CO interferometer, and H 2 O maser interferometer survey of the circumstellar environments of 26 young low-luminosity embedded stars located in nearby molecular clouds. About 75% of the sample show evidence for stellar winds/outflows in the near-infrared or CO data indicating that most of these sources are in the early wind clearing phase of their evolution. Close to 15% are multiple on the scale of 20″, suggesting that fragmentation of their surrounding dense cloud cores is important before or during gravitational collapse. Roughly 10% have H 2 O maser emission and the kinematics imply the masers arise in gravitationally unbound gas (i.e., a stellar wind or outflow) rather than in a circumstellar disk.