As the summer progressed, a variety of musical productions were on offer. These included a revival of The Merry Widow; musical comedies concerning class difference, including The Street Singer, about a countess who falls in love with a Parisian street painter, and Tilly, about a wealthy man and an impoverished woman who, planning to marry, meet each other’s families; a modernist work called Midsummer Madness that includes a play-within-a-play and starred Marie Tempest in her return to the musical stage; and Victor Herbert’s final musical, a time-travel fantasy called The Dream Girl, which opened posthumously.

Four prominent ‘origin stories’ for the American musical intertwine with the history of American operetta, which bifurcated, through the American legacies of Gilbert and Sullivan (including Cohan’s musical comedies) and The Merry Widow, into two distinct types: fast-paced musical comedies with an American profile, and the more romantically tinged, Viennese-derived American operetta. In balancing elements of these types, the American musical stage fostered camp reception modes, overtly emergent especially in Naughty Marietta, but becoming more closeted in the 1920s, when the two types again reached an extreme point of separation, with Gershwin’s and other musical comedies on one side of the divide, and Romberg’s and Friml’s hit operettas (along with Deep River), on the other, with operetta (or the ‘musical play’) bolstered by Hammerstein’s rhetoric laying claim to the higher aesthetic ground. Show Boat marked a probably deliberate attempt to remix and fuse the two types in a hybrid form that eventually stabilized in the wake of Oklahoma! Throughout, the element of camp, often passing as unintentional, governed the negotiations between the two types, allowing them to coexist in the musical play as it (re)emerged in the 1940s.