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7 results

  • 21 - Self-Affirmation Interventions to Reduce Mental Health Stigma

  • from Part IV - Reducing Stigma to Promote Mental Health
  • Edited by David L. Vogel, Iowa State University, Nathaniel G. Wade, Iowa State University
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Stigma and Mental Health
    Published online:
    28 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022, pp 429-448

  • Summary

    Self-affirmation theory provides a sophisticated framework to understand individual differences in receptivity to health-risk communication. Health messages are often ineffective because reminders of health risks can create dissonanc, which causes people to react negatively against the perceived threat of the information. Self-affirmation interventions offer a brief and practical means of improving health communication and promoting positive change. The primary purpose of this chapter is to highlight the promise of self-affirmation in understanding and reducing mental health stigma. The chapter aims to provide a theoretical background and practical path forward for researchers and clinicians, public health professionals, mental health activists, and any persons interested in dismantling the negative stereotypes and judgments associated with mental health and seeking professional psychological help. Specifically, the chapter aims to (1) briefly summarize the relationship between mental health stigma and psychotherapy use, (2) describe self-affirmation theory and its applied intervention effects in reducing perceptions of psychological threat across levels of measurement, (3) describe a standardized method of inducing self-affirmation by reflecting on personal values, (4) examine self-affirmation’s extension to mental health stigma and professional help seeking, (5) explore potential underlying mechanisms of change, and (6) suggest future directions for research and practical application.

  • Brief self-affirmation intervention for adults with psoriasis for reducing anxiety and depression and boosting well-being: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial

  • Patryk Łakuta
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 6 / April 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 November 2021, pp. 2574-2584
    • Article
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  • Background

    There are relatively few studies to address mental health implications of self-affirming, especially across groups experiencing a chronic health condition. In this study, short- and longer-term effects of a brief self-affirmation intervention framed in terms of implementation intentions (if-then plans with self-affirming cognitions; S-AII) were evaluated against an active control group (non-affirming implementation intentions; N-AII), matched to the target condition, and mere goal intention condition (a non-active control) in adults with psoriasis. The three pre-registered primary outcomes captured depression, anxiety, and well-being.

    Methods

    Adults with psoriasis (N = 175; Mage = 36.53, s.d. = 11.52) were randomized into S-AII, N-AII, or control. Participants' mental health outcomes were assessed prior to randomization (at baseline), at week 2 (post-intervention), and at a 1-month follow-up.

    Results

    Linear mixed models were used and results were reported on the intention-to-treat principle. Analyses revealed that S-AII exerted significantly more improvement in the course of well-being (ds > 0.25), depressive symptoms (ds > −0.40), and anxiety (ds > −0.45) than the N-AII and control group at 2-week post-intervention. Though the differences between groups faded at 1-month follow-up, the within-group changes over time for S-AII in all mental health outcomes remained significant.

    Conclusions

    Brief and low-intensity S-AII intervention exerted in the short-term a considerable impact on mental health outcomes. The S-AII shows promising results as a relevant public mental health strategy for enhancing well-being and reducing psychological distress. Future studies could consider whether these effects can be further enhanced with booster interventions.

  • Self-Affirmation and Identity-Driven Political Behavior

  • Benjamin A. Lyons, Christina E. Farhart, Michael P. Hall, John Kotcher, Matthew Levendusky, Joanne M. Miller, Brendan Nyhan, Kaitlin T. Raimi, Jason Reifler, Kyle L. Saunders, Rasmus Skytte, Xiaoquan Zhao
  • Journal:
    Journal of Experimental Political Science / Volume 9 / Issue 2 / Summer 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 February 2021, pp. 225-240
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  • Psychological attachment to political parties can bias people’s attitudes, beliefs, and group evaluations. Studies from psychology suggest that self-affirmation theory may ameliorate this problem in the domain of politics on a variety of outcome measures. We report a series of studies conducted by separate research teams that examine whether a self-affirmation intervention affects a variety of outcomes, including political or policy attitudes, factual beliefs, conspiracy beliefs, affective polarization, and evaluations of news sources. The different research teams use a variety of self-affirmation interventions, research designs, and outcomes. Despite these differences, the research teams consistently find that self-affirmation treatments have little effect. These findings suggest considerable caution is warranted for researchers who wish to apply the self-affirmation framework to studies that investigate political attitudes and beliefs. By presenting the “null results” of separate research teams, we hope to spark a discussion about whether and how the self-affirmation paradigm should be applied to political topics.

  • 17 - Preventing and Minimizing Stereotype Threat in School Settings

  • from Part III - Interventions from Educational and Social/Personality Psychology
  • Edited by Frank C. Worrell, University of California, Berkeley, Tammy L. Hughes, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Dante D. Dixson, Michigan State University
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Applied School Psychology
    Published online:
    18 September 2020
    Print publication:
    17 September 2020, pp 277-294

  • Summary

    As described by Steele (1997, p. 614), stereotype threat is “the social-psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies.” This chapter reviews research on how stereotype threat affects students in K–12 settings, including members of underrepresented racial groups and women in quantitative fields such as math and computer science. Because of the potential costs of stereotype threat in terms of individual underperformance and reduced participation in various fields by members of underrepresented groups, it is vital to prevent and reduce stereotype threat in schools settings. Efforts at prevention and reduction may be focused on concerns with belonging, concerns with performance, and management of the cognitive and physiological effects of stereotype threat. Partnership with researchers has been shown to increase both the theoretical fidelity and the effectiveness of school-based interventions.

  • A double-edged sword: when does identity threat affect unethical behavior?

  • Jinyi Zhou, Jifang Dou, Xiaoye (May) Wang
  • Journal:
    Journal of Management & Organization / Volume 29 / Issue 6 / November 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 December 2019, pp. 1120-1138
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  • Although individuals have different kinds of defensive strategies towards identity threat, the relationship between identity threat and unethical behavior is still unclear. In the current study, according to identity threat and self-affirmation theory, we propose and test the role of publicness of identity threat in determining whether identity threat will lead to unethical behavior. One online experiment with 197 participants (mixed design) and one laboratory experiment with 86 participants (between-subject design) are used to test our hypotheses. Our findings reveal that when individuals' identity threat is from the public sphere, it will increase their unethical behavior, but when such a threat is from the private sphere, it will reduce their unethical behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

  • Chapter 6 - Ressentiment and morality

  • Edited by Simon May, King's College London
  • Book:
    Nietzsche's <I>On the Genealogy of Morality</I>
    Published online:
    05 November 2011
    Print publication:
    13 October 2011, pp 120-141

  • Summary

    It is widely acknowledged that there is an intimate connection between Nietzsche's ostensibly historical diagnosis of the vicissitudes of ressentiment in the second and third essays of On the Genealogy of Morality and his critique of contemporary European morality. There can be no question but that Nietzsche considers morality as we know it to have its roots, in some way, in the condition of ressentiment. The ressentiment subject's initial suffering or discomfort and the negative affect it generates result in some way in, as Nietzsche puts it, "ressentiment itself turning creative and giving birth to values". The peculiar artificial happiness and self-affirmation characteristically made possible by ressentiment exploits precisely this difference between one's actual motives and the beliefs one has about them. Nietzsche's account of ressentiment as intentional self-deception is coherent and does not require a reconstruction in terms of non-intentional or subpersonal processes.

  • Anxiété sociale, problèmes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques

  • M. Horenstein
  • Journal:
    Psychiatry and Psychobiology / Volume 2 / Issue 5 / 1987
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 April 2020, pp. 354-359
    Print publication:
    1987

  • L'anxiété sociale traverse toute la pathologie psychiatrique et est l’une des plaintes les plus fréquemment rencontrées dans notre Département des Thérapies Comportementales. Les catégories : phobie sociale et personnalité évitante du DSM III s’y réferent spécifiquement. Certains troubles affectifs semblent aussi liés à l’interaction sociale. Les critères diagnostiques et les diagnostics différentiels à l’intérieur de ce groupe hétérogène sont analysés d’après le DSM III et à l’aide d’autres méthodes d’évaluation.

    Une évaluation critique de ces méthodes est faite, en vue de les adapter aux critères de trois types de troubles : • la réaction anxieuse psychophysiologique dans la phobie sociale, • les comportements d’évitement dans la personnalité évitante, • les distorsions cognitives dans la dépression atypique.

    Une revue de traitements chimiothérapiques, cognitifs et comportementaux utilisés dans les trois types de troubles décrits antérieurement, est présentée.