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3 results

  • 3 - Level 1

  • from Part I - Innovation Design and Execution
  • Timothy L. Faley
  • Book:
    The Innovation Pyramid
    Published online:
    30 December 2020
    Print publication:
    21 January 2021, pp 41-73

  • Summary

    The Innovation Pyramid segments the innovation's design from its execution. Focusing on the design first forces us to think about what we are creating before immersing ourselves into the details of how we are creating it. The design portion is further segmented into Problem Identification and Solution Formulation. The first level of The Innovation Pyramid, which is the first stage of the innovation's design, describes a procedure for identifying root causes of general situations. Like The Innovation Pyramid itself, this five-step procedure for Problem Identification is non-linear and iterative process of discovery. Steps may be skipped or repeated depending on where we start or how the process of discovery unfolds. The five-step procedure is therefore more of a guideline than a rigorous process. The guideline requires multiple changes in perspective (broadening or narrowing one's purview) and points-of-view (through who's eyes the situation is observed). Empathy is a key component necessary to remaining in the problem space long enough to uncover the situation's root cause. Given problems are associated with people, identifying the root problem also means identifying the group of people most directly impacted by the root problem.

  • Threat analysis for more effective lion conservation

  • Hans Bauer, Amy Dickman, Guillaume Chapron, Alayne Oriol-Cotterill, Samantha K. Nicholson, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Luke Hunter, Peter Lindsey, David W. Macdonald
  • Journal:
    Oryx / Volume 56 / Issue 1 / January 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 December 2020, pp. 108-115
    Print publication:
    January 2022
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • We use comparable 2005 and 2018 population data to assess threats driving the decline of lion Panthera leo populations, and review information on threats structured by problem tree and root cause analysis. We define 11 threats and rank their severity and prevalence. Two threats emerged as affecting both the number of lion populations and numbers within them: livestock depredation leading to retaliatory killing of lions, and bushmeat poaching leading to prey depletion. Our data do not allow determination of whether any specific threat drives declines faster than others. Of 20 local extirpations, most were associated with armed conflicts as a driver of proximate threats. We discuss the prevalence and severity of proximate threats and their drivers, to identify priorities for more effective conservation of lions, other carnivores and their prey.

  • How does poverty affect children’s nutritional status in Nairobi slums? A qualitative study of the root causes of undernutrition

  • Sophie M Goudet, Elizabeth W Kimani-Murage, Frederick Wekesah, Milka Wanjohi, Paula L Griffiths, Barry Bogin, Nyovani J Madise
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 20 / Issue 4 / March 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 September 2016, pp. 608-619
    • Article
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  • Objective

    Children in slums are at high risk of undernutrition, which has long-term negative consequences on their physical growth and cognitive development. Severe undernutrition can lead to the child’s death. The present paper aimed to understand the causes of undernutrition in children as perceived by various groups of community members in Nairobi slums, Kenya.

    Design

    Analysis of ten focus group discussions and ten individual interviews with key informants. The main topic discussed was the root causes of child undernutrition in the slums. The focus group discussions and key informant interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were coded in NVivo by extracting concepts and using a constant comparison of data across the different categories of respondents to draw out themes to enable a thematic analysis.

    Setting

    Two slum communities in Nairobi, Kenya.

    Subjects

    Women of childbearing age, community health workers, elders, leaders and other knowledgeable people in the two slum communities (n 90).

    Results

    Participants demonstrated an understanding of undernutrition in children.

    Conclusions

    Findings inform target criteria at community and household level that can be used to identify children at risk of undernutrition. To tackle the immediate and underlying causes of undernutrition, interventions recommended should aim to: (i) improve maternal health and nutrition; (ii) promote optimal infant and young children feeding practices; (iii) support mothers in their working role; (iv) increase access to family planning; (v) improve water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); (vi) address alcohol problems at all levels; and (vii) address street food issues with infant feeding counselling.