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4 results

  • 13 - Motivated Behavior and Self-Control

  • Heather Bortfeld, University of California, Merced, Silvia A. Bunge, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    Fundamentals of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
    Published online:
    11 January 2024
    Print publication:
    01 February 2024, pp 417-448

  • Summary

    Self-control is a vital aspect of human development, influencing behavior from early childhood to adulthood. This chapter explores the multifaceted world of self-control, emphasizing its enduring impact on individuals lives. We begin by highlighting the significance of self-control, approach, and avoidance behaviors. The chapter traces the historical evolution of our understanding of how frontal brain regions contribute to emotional and behavioral regulation, drawing from lesion studies and recent research on the prefrontal cortexs role. As children transition to adolescence, their decision-making processes rapidly change. We delve into the developing adolescent brain, shedding light on reward sensitivity and its implications for decision-making, especially in risky and peer-influenced contexts. Adolescence is a pivotal period where various factors, including brain maturation, autonomy, and social environments, shape positive or negative growth trajectories. This chapter unravels the drivers of behavior, neural mechanisms of self-control, and developmental changes, offering valuable insights for public health and policy.

  • Emotion Recognition and Traffic-Related Risk-Taking Behavior in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases

  • Nils S. van den Berg, Fransje E. Reesink, Edward H.F. de Haan, Hubertus P.H. Kremer, Jacoba M. Spikman, Rients B. Huitema
  • Journal:
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 27 / Issue 2 / February 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 August 2020, pp. 136-145
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Objectives:

    Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Huntington’s disease, inevitably lead to impairments in higher-order cognitive functions, including the perception of emotional cues and decision-making behavior. Such impairments are likely to cause risky daily life behavior, for instance, in traffic. Impaired recognition of emotional expressions, such as fear, is considered a marker of impaired experience of emotions. Lower fear experience can, in turn, be related to risk-taking behavior. The aim of our study was to investigate whether impaired emotion recognition in patients with NDD is indeed related to unsafe decision-making in risky everyday life situations, which has not been investigated yet.

    Methods:

    Fifty-one patients with an NDD were included. Emotion recognition was measured with the Facial Expressions of Emotions: Stimuli and Test (FEEST). Risk-taking behavior was measured with driving simulator scenarios and the Action Selection Test (AST). Data from matched healthy controls were used: FEEST (n = 182), AST (n = 36), and driving simulator (n = 18).

    Results:

    Compared to healthy controls, patients showed significantly worse emotion recognition, particularly of anger, disgust, fear, and sadness. Furthermore, patients took significantly more risks in the driving simulator rides and the AST. Only poor recognition of fear was related to a higher amount of risky decisions in situations involving a direct danger.

    Conclusions:

    To determine whether patients with an NDD are still fit to drive, it is crucial to assess their ability to make safe decisions. Measuring emotion recognition may be a valuable contribution to this judgment.

  • Dysfunctional default mode network and executive control network in people with Internet gaming disorder: Independent component analysis under a probability discounting task

  • L Wang, L Wu, X Lin, Y Zhang, H Zhou, X Du, G Dong
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 34 / April 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 March 2020, pp. 36-42
  • Background

    The present study identified the neural mechanism of risky decision-making in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) under a probability discounting task.

    Methods

    Independent component analysis was used on the functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 19 IGD subjects (22.2 ± 3.08 years) and 21 healthy controls (HC, 22.8 ± 3.5 years).

    Results

    For the behavioral results, IGD subjects prefer the risky to the fixed options and showed shorter reaction time compared to HC. For the imaging results, the IGD subjects showed higher task-related activity in default mode network (DMN) and less engagement in the executive control network (ECN) than HC when making the risky decisions. Also, we found the activities of DMN correlate negatively with the reaction time and the ECN correlate positively with the probability discounting rates.

    Conclusions

    The results suggest that people with IGD show altered modulation in DMN and deficit in executive control function, which might be the reason for why the IGD subjects continue to play online games despite the potential negative consequences.

  • Time-Based Prospective Memory Predicts Engagement in Risk Behaviors Among Substance Users: Results From Clinical and Nonclinical Samples

  • Michael Weinborn, Jonson Moyle, Romola S. Bucks, Werner Stritzke, Angela Leighton, Steven Paul Woods
  • Journal:
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 19 / Issue 3 / March 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    14 January 2013, pp. 284-294

  • Deficits in prospective memory (PM; i.e., enacting previously learned actions at the right occasion) and risky decision-making (i.e., making choices with a high chance of undesirable/dangerous outcomes) are both common among individuals with substance use disorders (SUD). Previous research has raised the possibility of a specific relationship between PM and risk-taking, and the present study aimed to systematically study if PM provides unique variance in the prediction of risky decision-making. Two samples were included: (1) a group of 45 individuals with SUD currently in treatment, and (2) a nonclinical group of 59 university students with high-risk drinking and/or substance use. Regression analyses indicated that time-based, but not event-based, PM predicted increased risky behavior (e.g., risky sexual practices and criminal behaviors) in both groups after controlling for demographic, psychiatric, and substance use variables, as well as other neuropsychological functions. The current findings contribute to the growing literature supporting the role of PM as a predictor of everyday functioning, and suggest that cognitive rehabilitation may be an important avenue of research as an adjunct to traditional substance use treatment, particularly in addressing the potential adverse effects of PM deficits in the implementation of treatment-related homework activities and risk management strategies. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)