Focusing on the author’s first encounters with Finnegans Wake, this chapter reexamines the distinction between what is supposedly “intrinsic” and what is “extrinsic” to the experience of reading. The context in this case was not simply apartheid South Africa in the mid-1980s. More directly relevant, at least for one initiate into the mysteries and global effects of the Wake, was the looming presence of the 1820s Settler Monument in Grahamstown, now Makhanda, a center for the arts inaugurated in 1974 and designed to commemorate British settler traditions and celebrate the English language. Joyce’s last and most eccentric foray into literary writing, it turns out, constitutes a powerful refutation of the monument’s founding assumptions and of the act of monumentalization itself.

Chapter 1 begins with the “Ciceropaideia” (301–29), the account of Cicero’s education and training. It begins with the end of the Brutus in order to provide a sense of what the dialogue has been building up to. Cicero’s concluding discussion of himself reveals and brings together several assumptions, problems, and techniques of presentation that are crucial to the earlier parts of the dialogue. In the Ciceropaideia he carefully shapes biographical and historical details into a tandem narrative, intertwining his ascent with the decline of Hortensius. The account suggestively documents Cicero’s development of a moderate “Rhodian” style and implicitly undermines his Atticist detractors.

This chapter explores how the local and the general dimensions of ancient Greek religion come together on the Greek island of Rhodes in the south-eastern Aegean during the late Classical and Hellenistic periods. McInerney puts the focus squarely on the role of the Lindos Chronicle as a powerful tool to reassert older local identities within a new (pan-Rhodian) context. Through a careful study of the claims and assertions made in different sections of the Chronicle, McInerney visualises different kinds of negotiations between local and general identities at work. In his contribution, the federal city of Rhodes features once as the larger dimension in interaction with which the Lindians sought to maintain their local identity, and once as the local dimension itself that sought to assert its place in negotiation with even larger entities and identities (such as Rome). This shift in focus confirms that the local and the general are ultimately relational categories, the meaning of which changes according to what level of Greek society we look at.

This chapter explores how the local and the general dimensions of ancient Greek religion come together on the Greek island of Rhodes in the south-eastern Aegean during the late Classical and Hellenistic periods. McInerney puts the focus squarely on the role of the Lindos Chronicle as a powerful tool to reassert older local identities within a new (pan-Rhodian) context. Through a careful study of the claims and assertions made in different sections of the Chronicle, McInerney visualises different kinds of negotiations between local and general identities at work. In his contribution, the federal city of Rhodes features once as the larger dimension in interaction with which the Lindians sought to maintain their local identity, and once as the local dimension itself that sought to assert its place in negotiation with even larger entities and identities (such as Rome). This shift in focus confirms that the local and the general are ultimately relational categories, the meaning of which changes according to what level of Greek society we look at.

This chapter situates the key source for the study of localism on the Greek island of Rhodes, the Lindos Chronicle, within the wider context of the often-turbulent history of the island. By drawing on comparative material, including a decree from Kameiros (one of the other two older cities that were incorporated in the new Rhodian polis) Zachhuber highlights just how extraordinary the efforts of the Lindians to reassert their local identity was. The chapter reminds us that all identities, local and otherwise, operate in two dimensions: by establishing internal coherence and emphasising outside difference. Zachhuber elaborates in particular on the latter dimension: in the tension between Lindian and Rhodian identities, the category of the local emerges once again as contested and in flux. The defensive localism mentioned in the title thus refers to the efforts of the Lindians to safeguard their distinctive cults after the foundation of the new federal city.

This chapter situates the key source for the study of localism on the Greek island of Rhodes, the Lindos Chronicle, within the wider context of the often-turbulent history of the island. By drawing on comparative material, including a decree from Kameiros (one of the other two older cities that were incorporated in the new Rhodian polis) Zachhuber highlights just how extraordinary the efforts of the Lindians to reassert their local identity was. The chapter reminds us that all identities, local and otherwise, operate in two dimensions: by establishing internal coherence and emphasising outside difference. Zachhuber elaborates in particular on the latter dimension: in the tension between Lindian and Rhodian identities, the category of the local emerges once again as contested and in flux. The defensive localism mentioned in the title thus refers to the efforts of the Lindians to safeguard their distinctive cults after the foundation of the new federal city.

Athens and the Aegean were at the centre of the economic life of the Greek world in the late archaic and classical period. Like the other cities of the Aegean, Athens actively exploited its territory, but the specific characteristic of its economy was the presence of the Laurium mines, which gave it an unbeatable natural advantage over the other players. In the Hellenistic period, the Aegean cities were only one of the many players on the international landscape, and they had lost their pre-eminence, although to a certain extent the city of Rhodes succeeded Athens in its role of platform for international trade, and the little island of Delos ended in being for a while the main hub of trans-Mediterranean trade.

Studies of trade are predicated on the antithesis between ‘personalised exchange’ (the Network) and ‘arms-length exchange’ (the anonymous Market). As regards ancient trade, the putative incongruity between the two has informed the view of the supremacy of personalised exchange, and the concomitant absence of market exchange. In historical analyses, furthermore, trade networks are appraised solely for their role in the distribution of raw materials and commodities. This chapter challenges these views. Focusing on a formalised kind of network, the association, it first charts the diffusion of traders’ associations to, and their integration in the economic life of, eastern Mediterranean commercial centres. Then, it investigates the mechanisms that enabled associational networks to act as fighters of trade constraints, distance-shortening entities, bridge builders between state/fiscal concerns and private profit, co-determinants of routes and prices, and as producers of knowledge and trust. Formalised networks, it is concluded, helped trade to break out of its lone-peddler mode and to amalgamate with a wider organisational world, whose newly fashioned business behaviour approximated that of the firm. In all this, this chapter is in alignment with the more recent trend among social scientists to consider networks as integral parts of market models of the economy.

The 1949 Armistice Agreements terminated open hostilities, set out demarcation lines and enabled exchange of prisoners of war. The initial hope was that they would lead to peace treaties but it took another thirty years before the first peace treaty, with Egypt, was signed. The institution of demilitarized zones proved to be problematic as it led to disagreements regarding sovereignty and civilian control of these areas. The Mixed Armistice Commissions often found themselves acting as legal arbitrators on difficult international legal issues for which the Chairman, a military officer seconded to the UN was not qualified. Armistice Demarcation Lines (ADL) are normally temporary, but the 1949 Armistice Demarcation line between Israel and the West Bank and Gaza has achieved a certain de facto status. Most States consider the ADL should serve as a basis for negotiating a future border between Israel and the Palestinians.

The chapter analyzes the consequences of the earthquake that destroyed Rhodes in 227 B.C. and the “international” help, provided by Hellenistic kings, which contributed to the city’s spectacular recovery.

Chapter 1 begins with the “Ciceropaideia” (301–29), the account of Cicero’s education and training. It begins with the end of the Brutus in order to provide a sense of what the dialogue has been building up to. Cicero’s concluding discussion of himself reveals and brings together several assumptions, problems, and techniques of presentation that are crucial to the earlier parts of the dialogue. In the Ciceropaideia he carefully shapes biographical and historical details into a tandem narrative, intertwining his ascent with the decline of Hortensius. The account suggestively documents Cicero’s development of a moderate “Rhodian” style and implicitly undermines his Atticist detractors.