The presence of the prostate in female mammals has long been known. However, pieces of information related to its development are still lacking. The aim of this study was to explore the budding dynamic during the initial prostate development in female gerbils. Pregnant females were timed, the fetuses were euthanized, and the urogenital sinus was dissected out between the embryonic days 20 and 24 (E20–E24 groups). Newborn pups (1-day-old; P1 group) underwent the same procedures. The female prostate development was based on epithelial buds which arose far from the paraurethral mesenchyme (PAM). The epithelial buds reached the PAM at prenatal day 24, crossing a small gap in the smooth muscle layer between the periurethral mesenchyme (PEM) and the PAM. Steroid nuclear receptors such as the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor alpha were localized in the PEM through the urethral wall, although some epithelial labeling was also present in the urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE). P63-positive cells were found only in the UGE, becoming restricted to the basal compartment after the 23rd prenatal day. The results showed that the gerbil female prostate exhibits a distinct budding pattern as compared to the male prostate development.

The aim of this study was to describe the embryonic and larval development of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus), and to determine the time required, hours post fertilization (hpf), for the emergence of various structures. To describe embryonic and larval stages, observations were made at regular periods under an optical microscope and images were taken with a digital camera attached to a microscope. The average temperature reached in the experimental tank was 27.9°C. Important facts in embryonic and larval development are described, such as the closure of the blastopore, which occurred at 31.5 hpf; a period of eruption, which occurred at 58.5 hpf; and a mouth opening, which occurred at 90.5 hpf; and larvae that exhibited oriented swimming and eating exogenous food at 136.5 hpf.

The developmental stages for the embryonic and larval periods of the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) kept at different temperatures (21, 24, 27 and 30°C) are described. Fish were analysed under light and scanning electron microscopy. For embryonic development, we described 25 stages, which were grouped into seven periods named zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching periods. For larval development, we defined three stages (early, mid, and late larvae). Additionally, the main ontogenetic events during the post-larvae and early juvenile periods were also described. This species presents a well developped lateral line and chemosensory systems that grow up during the larval period, maturing in the post-larvae. All tested temperatures are viable to R. quelen development, but a shorter incubation period was necessary to complete the development at lower temperatures. However, some malformations (heart edema) were verified at 30°C.

Introduction. Plant regeneration from in vitro culture of adult citrus tissue may help in early evaluation of important horticultural characteristics of genetic material from breeding programs, which incorporate biotechnological tools. Our research aimed to optimize in vitro culture conditions that could lead to the maximum plant regeneration through organogenesis of ‘Bahia’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in explants (internodes and foliar disc segments) collected from adult plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Materials and methods. Organogenesis was induced in internodes on DBA3 culture media supplemented with BAP at (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) mg·L–1 combined with NAA (0.5 mg·L–1), and in foliar discs on culture media with BAP at (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) mg·L–1 combined or not with NAA (0.5 mg.L–1). Results and discussion. The concentrations of (1.0, 2.0 or 3.0) mg·L–1 of BAP combined with 0.5 mg·L–1 of NAA induced in vitro organogenesis in internodes of ‘Bahia’ sweet orange. The use of foliar discs was not efficient for adventitious organogenesis.

Introduction. La micropropagation in vitro du bananier est habituellement réalisée à partir du bourgeon caulinaire, donc à partir d’un seul explant par rejet. Par ailleurs, la production de vitroplants est souvent limitée par la disponibilité en rejets et le pourcentage de variants somaclonaux augmente avec le nombre de subcultures. Il serait donc intéressant de disposer d’un plus grand nombre d’explants par rejet afin de produire un même nombre de vitroplants avec moins de subcultures. L’exploitation des bourgeons axillaires présents en grand nombre sur un rejet de bananier permettrait d’augmenter le nombre d’explants utilisables pour sa multiplication. L’objectif de nos travaux a donc été d’évaluer les capacités de prolifération in vitro des bourgeons axillaires en comparaison de celles du bourgeon caulinaire. Matériel et méthodes. Des bourgeons caulinaires et axillaires prélevés sur des rejets du cultivar Big Ebanga (AAB, plantain faux corne) ont été soumis à trois types de désinfection : une désinfection par flambage, une désinfection classique modifiée et une désinfection classique. Ils ont été ensuite ensemencés sur un milieu de culture. L’effet de plusieurs concentrations en benzylaminopurine (BA) a été étudié sur la précocité de la prolifération des bourgeons axillaires. Résultats et discussion. La désinfection classique a donné le plus faible taux d’infection (30 %) chez les bourgeons axillaires. Les bourgeons axillaires ont proliféré précocement et ont produit des bourgeons adventifs dès la première subculture, alors que les bourgeons caulinaires n’ont proliféré qu’à partir de la deuxième ou troisième subculture. Cette prolifération précoce a été accélérée en présence de (2 et 4) mg BA·L–1. Le nombre de pousses formées par chaque type de bourgeon n’a pas été significativement différent. Conclusion. Les bourgeons axillaires sont un bon matériel de départ pour la culture in vitro. Leur utilisation permet de régénérer un grand nombre de vitroplants à partir d’un seul rejet et augmente ainsi les potentialités de production in vitro de matériel végétal sain chez le bananier plantain. La conformité au champ des plants issus de ces bourgeons axillaires fera l’objet d’études ultérieures.

In the early stages of embryonic development, many growth-promoting molecules must be provided by the maternal system. The molecules involved in growth processes may be either hormones or growth factors, or molecules that interact with such factors. The pregnancy related hormone, prolactin (PRL, MW 23 kDa) has been implicated in the control of embryonic growth. The growth-promoting potential of PRL and its species-specificity was investigated by culturing 9.5 d rat embryos in vitro for 48 h in depleted serum in the presence and absence of PRL from 3 different species. The growth-supporting capacity of the serum was reduced by removal of low molecular weight molecules by prolonged filtration of the serum using filters with a molecular weight exclusion of 30 kDa. This method provided a ‘semidefined’ medium (retenate) in which embryonic growth and development was significantly reduced, demonstrating that the low molecular weight fraction of serum may contain some growth-promoting factors. Addition of PRL (0.4–25.6 ng/ml) from different species (human, sheep and rat) to retenate significantly improved embryonic growth and development, suggesting that the developing embryo may utilise PRL. Amongst PRLs, rat PRL was found to be active at much lower concentrations than either of the other molecules, and human PRL had more effect in low concentrations than sheep PRL suggesting a species-specificity for this hormone. It may be that the PRL receptors of the rat embryos have greater affinity for the rat hormone as different responses for hormones from different species have been shown. These findings suggest that embryos may be able to utilise maternally derived PRL during organogenesis.