The last fifty years have seen a considerable boom in the study of ancient book culture, reading and scribal habits. This chapter situates the present study in light of these scholarly developments and raises some critical questions concerning certain viewpoints that have been put forward regarding how to approach the Nag Hammadi codices given what is known about religious materiality in antiquity. In light of the latest scholarship on ancient literacy surveyed in this chapter, it is argued that the texts were most likely produced by and for the direct use of a small educated societal minority. The chapter also addresses some of the old and new scholarly paradigms and ideological setups in the scholarship on the texts: for example, the potential and limits of the trend called ‘New Philology’, as well as the problems attached to concepts like ‘heresy’ and ‘Gnosticism’ and their persistent connection with the Nag Hammadi collection.

Chapter 7 throws us headlong into a controversial issue that reflects on the first chapter, but also complements every other chapter in that it takes the “Oriental mode” as a problematic that invites deconstruction. Does the connotation of the mode signify the anxieties of the pillars of the Enlightenment? It certainly does, and hence the need to work out an emancipatory discourse from a ruling Western rationality that presents everything, even the theory of the novel or narratology as necessarily Western. The role of philologists since the early nineteenth century in relation to the production of knowledge is more relevant to the study and vogue of the Nights than has been hitherto noticed. Scheherazade’s body, the matter and manner of the Nights is no less the crux of discussion than the visible grouping of language in families, Aryan and Semite. This is why many twentieth-century experimentations are to be read as decolonizing in that they redirect attention to a literary text, not a document.