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1 results

  • Chapter 9 - Emotional Anatomy

  • from Part IV - The Effects of Facial Movement Impairment of Emotion Communication
  • Edited by Ursula Hess, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Reginald B. Adams, Jr., Pennsylvania State University, Robert E. Kleck, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
  • Book:
    Emotion Communication by the Aging Face and Body
    Published online:
    07 December 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023, pp 217-240

  • Summary

    Emotion is vital part of our routine communication. The facial feedback hypothesis is the theory of how internal emotion is modulated by the external facial movements used to express it. Botulinum toxin injection is the most common aesthetic procedure in the United States. It has been studied extensively for its cosmetic use in wrinkle reduction, but its secondary psychological effects have only been elucidated gradually over the last two decades. Although neurotoxin is considered safe and effective, it may also potentially affect our facial expressions and communications. Similar to neurotoxin, another example that affects our social interactions is the facial mask, after the COVID-19 pandemic. In this chapter, we hereby discuss how neurotoxin affects our emotions and nonverbal communications.