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1 results

  • 9 - Roots of Revenge

  • from Part III - Cataclysms (1941–1963)
  • Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Heroes to Hostages
    Published online:
    03 August 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023, pp 221-238

  • Summary

    As Iran and the shah adjusted to life after the coup, the monarch tried to solidify his ties to the United States. This entailed military support from America and Iran’s renewed commitment to the US side in the Cold War. Iran created an internal security force, SAVAK, trained in part by America. The shah clamped down on Communist activities and confronted rising Islamic dissent with violence. At the same, the Shah pursued social programs and launched the White Revolution, which America supported. However, its platform, especially women’s suffrage and land reform, triggered widespread opposition. Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as the leader of Islamist dissent in 1963 and was eventually exiled. America and Iran had to brace themselves for the fallout of these events.