The impact of Sacculina carcini infection on the nutritional status of the shore crab Carcinus maenas was investigated in the western Dutch Wadden Sea for a period of 20 months. About 3.3% of the population was sacculinized, i.e. externally infected with S. carcini and only 0.7% presented scars of previous infection. The results of mixed linear models showed that sacculinized and non-sacculinized crabs had similar morphometric condition, while the energy density of parasitized crabs (externa excluded) was significantly reduced by about 4.3% overall, and by up to 5.8% in crabs under 40 mm carapace width. However, when Sacculina externa was included in the energy determinations, the difference in energy density decreased to 1.2%, while total energy content of the pair infected crab-parasite including externa was 30.8% higher than non-sacculinized crabs of similar size. The total energy content of ovigerous females (eggs included) was even higher, near doubling the energy of similar-sized crabs. The same way, total energy content of Sacculina externa was about 4 times lower than total energy of egg mass. The results suggest that the rhizocephalan parasite is efficient in consuming the energy that the host may allocate for growth and maintenance, but require future studies to disentangle the impact of the degree of internal infection and the implications for the dynamics of the population.

Dendrobranchiata shrimp taxonomic composition and spatial and temporal distribution on the Amazon continental shelf (ACS) were investigated along a transect between the sources of the Amazon and Pará Rivers, encompassing an extension of ~250 km towards the continental slope. Plankton was collected with oblique trawls (200 μm mesh size), and nine taxa were found; 59.4% were larvae (mysis or decapodid stages) and 40.6% were juveniles or adults. Acetes was negatively related to chlorophyll-a and temperature, and Luciferidae were positively correlated with months. This study provides novel information on the density distribution of dendrobranchiate shrimps, thus helping to pave the way to characterize a large-scale, hugely relevant area that is poorly studied. As in other tropical coastal areas, there is here an increase in number of taxa with increased distance from the coast. Luciferidae, Solenoceridae and Penaeidae were the most frequent families whereas Sicyoniidae and Sergestidae had the lowest frequency of occurrence nearer the slope. Despite the low larval density of penaeid shrimps, their presence in all months and at all sampling sites along the ACS proves the importance of this area for shrimps with socioeconomic relevance, as well as its importance as a nursery and growth habitat for dendrobranchiate shrimps.

The first zoeal stages of the snapping shrimps Alpheus carlae and A. intrinsecus from Brazil were obtained from laboratory-hatched specimens and a detailed morphological description is provided. The morphological characteristics of both species are compared with available descriptions of other Alpheus species with a known first zoeal stage. Remarks from a semi-quantitative comparison of species belonging to A. armillatus species complex (A. carlae and A. brasileiro) and a comparison between larvae of A. intrinsecus from two localities in Brazil are presented. It was possible to distinguish first zoea of both species from the other congeners based on morphology. No intraspecific variability was detected between A. intrinsecus larvae obtained from two locations. Some structures showed differences between species of the A. armillatus complex. However, generalizations and conclusions based on larval morphology for taxonomic rearrangements at this point need to be made with caution and accuracy, since data of a sufficient number of species are not yet available for comparison.

Sexual differences in behaviours are often affected by the difference in individual interests between the sexes: growth in males and egg production in females. Some hermit crabs show sexual differences in shell use patterns during the reproductive season. In the non-reproductive season, however, when both sexes are focused on increasing growth, this sexual difference is expected to be reduced. In this study, we compared the pattern of shell use in the hermit crab Pagurus minutus between seasons, while focusing on the effects of shell shape on growth or egg production. As we predicted, sexual differences in shell use in P. minutus showed seasonal change. In the non-reproductive season, both sexes appeared to use shells well suited for growth. In the reproductive season, sexual differences became more evident, especially in larger solitary crabs and guarding pairs; males monopolized round-type shells such as those of Umbonium moniliferum, whereas more than 80% of females relied on high-spired Batillaria-type shells such as those of Batillaria zonalis. A lack of advantage for egg number in females using Batillaria-type shells suggests that female shell use is explained by factors other than maximizing clutch size. Both sexes can moult during the reproductive season, and larger body size is advantageous for reproduction. Given that Batillaria-type shells resulted in a lower growth increment and males have an advantage in shell fights in congeneric crabs, our findings suggest the importance of intersexual competition for shells and female compromise in determining the seasonal change of shell use patterns in P. minutus.

To study zooplankton–phytoplankton relationships in the diatom-dominated plankton communities of the northern Adriatic we performed feeding experiments with diatoms and zoea I larvae of the brachyuran Xantho poressa. We found that zoea I of X. poressa feed on diatoms of different forms (centric, pennate, colony forming, single celled, with or without setae) and size classes. In a laboratory setup, we presented the zoeas with a mix of diatom species similar to communities observed during blooms regularly found in the northern Adriatic. We report that the grazing activity resulted in a decrease of the relative abundance of the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha. For the colonial, bloom-forming diatom Skeletonema marinoi our results show a chain length reduction in the presence of zoea I. Of particular interest is the observation that the presence of larvae also resulted in an increased growth rate and abundance of S. marinoi, which resembles bloom induction by grazer presence.

This paper provides data on diversity, zonation and seasonal fluctuations of decapod crustaceans at the northern Gulf of Oman coast, based on quantitative and qualitative samplings. A total of 75 species belonging to four infraorders, 27 families and 48 genera were identified. These species include 20 new records for the entire Gulf of Oman and 13 new records for its Iranian coast. The mid-intertidal zone showed a higher mean diversity and abundance than high- and low-intertidal zones. The mean diversity and abundance in the high-intertidal zone showed significant differences with the mid- and low-intertidal zones. The indices of species richness (Margalef), diversity (Shannon) and evenness (Pielou) showed significant differences among the intertidal zones. Most of the identified species (>60%) that had high values in their frequency of occurrence and relative abundance showed an overlapping vertical distribution, and were present in all three or just in two of the three defined zones. Other species were found only in one of the three zones (non-overlapping vertical distribution). The decapod community in the mid-intertidal zone showed a higher dissimilarity with the high-intertidal zone than with the low-intertidal. Both abundance and diversity were found to be lowest and highest during south-west and north-east monsoons, respectively. During south-west monsoon, the abundance of decapods declined dramatically, but species diversity and ecological indices did not show any statistically significant difference among the sampling periods.

During the INDEMARES/CHICA 0610, 0211 and 0412 expeditions, carried out in the northern Spanish sector of the Gulf of Cádiz (Spain), samples were collected with a box-corer in 11 mud volcanoes and their adjacent bottoms. Chemoautotrophic communities were found in nine mud volcanoes. Among Decapoda, a rare eucalliacid, belonging to the genus Calliax and related to the Mediterranean infralittoral species C. lobata (de Gaillande and Lagardère 1966), was present in three of them. Data on its morphology, biogeographic distribution, vertical distribution within the burrows, sediment composition, pH and redox potential values (each in 5 cm intervals) are given; information on the chemoautotrophic communities associated with this species are also provided.

We analysed the morphological variations through geometric morphometric approaches of the dorsal and ventral views of growing male and female Callinectes danae Smith 1869, based on the hypothesis that swimming crabs present polymorphism during growth. Our research identified six instars for females, seven instars for males and one instar for unsexed individuals (young). The sixth instar of females and the seventh instar of males were composed of adults. We identified 20 landmarks from the dorsal view, and 16 landmarks from the ventral view. Based on canonical analysis and Procrustes distance, we observed the formation of clearly separated instars (both views), indicating a significant change during ontogeny, not only in the pubertal moult. The most prevalent changes occurred in the abdomen, with males thinning and females broadening the abdomen during growth. In the dorsal view, we observed a displacement of anterolateral spines to the posterior region throughout the growth period and that the anterolateral and frontal teeth of juveniles were more ornate than those of adults. The ontogenetic trajectories for males and females have similar origins and follow different directions over the instars, with maximum distance after the pubertal moult (P < 0.05).

Female crayfish stores male gametes after mating until the beginning of egg laying and fertilization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the duration of post-mating spermatophore storage as well as the timing and temperature of spawning in two crayfish species of economic importance, namely the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and the noble crayfish Astacus astacus. Results showed that the average duration of the post-mating spermatophore storage is significantly (P<0.05) longer in the noble crayfish (34.6±1.7 days, range: 19 to 60 days) than the signal crayfish (3.9±0.5 days, range: 1 to 18 days). The highest percentages of the post-mating spermatophore storage duration in the signal crayfish (46.5%) and the noble crayfish (44.5%) were 1 and 31 to 40 days, respectively. While there is an overlap in the timings of mating and egg laying in the signal crayfish, these two reproductive processes were not observed at the same days in the noble crayfish and there was at least 2 weeks interval between last mating and first egg laying individuals. Average mating and egg laying temperatures were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the signal crayfish than the noble crayfish. The average temperatures for mating in both species were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the temperatures that they utilized for egg laying. In conclusion, female noble crayfish stores post-mating spermatophores a longer duration compared with the signal crayfish. Also, the signal crayfish mates and lays egg in temperatures that are higher than the noble crayfish. Spawning season is shorter in the signal crayfish compared with the noble crayfish. The results of present study provide information contributing to the crayfish broodstock management in aquaculture.

Four species of Pinnotheridae inhabit European marine waters, Afropinnotheres monodi, Nepinnotheres pinnotheres, Pinnotheres pectunculi and Pinnotheres pisum. For these four species there are data available on the morphology of their larval stages as well as DNA markers. This information has allowed us to detect some larvae in plankton samples from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian Peninsula) that do not belong to any of these European pinnotherid species and to be confirmed by DNA barcoding. In this study these findings are shown as a case of early detection of a newly introduced and unknown species in European marine waters.

The present study describes the morphological changes of the mouthparts and foregut of the freshwater prawn M. acanthurus that occur during the development of the larvae and first juvenile. The results indicate that the zoeae I have mouthparts with reduced setae and a structureless foregut that indicates obligatory lecithotrophic behaviour. There is an increase in the number of setae in these structures between the zoea II and the juvenile stage, indicating the adaptation of the organism for feeding. More complex structural alterations were observed in the first juvenile, which acquires benthonic habits, which ensure the capture and ingestion of a diversity of feeding resources found in the substrate.

Sampling in subtidal waters of the Persian Gulf revealed a new species of ghost shrimp from the family Gourretiidae. Gourretia qeshmensis sp. nov. resembles G. sinica from the South China Sea and G. manihinae from Tanzania. Gourretia qeshmensis sp. nov. differs from these two species by characters of the ischium of the large cheliped, pereopod 3, exopod of the uropod and maxilliped 3.

We report for the first time the association of some caridean shrimps with the octocoral Carijoa riisei (Cnidaria: Clavulariidae) and the sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum (Porifera: Axinellidae), in estuaries from north-eastern Brazil. The alpheid shrimp Synalpheus apioceros, Synalpheus fritzmuelleri, Alpheus formosus, Alpheus carlae and the palaemonid Cuapetes americanus are reported in association with Carijoa riisei. The latter two species, plus the alpheid Alpheus buckupi, are recorded in association with D. reticulatum.

This study reports on the life history of a rare alpheid shrimp, Salmoneus carvachoi, in the tropical western Atlantic. At an intertidal flat in Pontal Bay, Ilhéus, Bahia, north-eastern Brazil, S. carvachoi was collected from within burrows of the axianassid mud shrimp Axianassa australis and the caridean snapping shrimps Alpheus estuariensis and Alpheus chacei. These and earlier studies that reported S. carvachoi in dwellings constructed by other larger burrowing crustaceans suggest that S. carvachoi is a generalist species that establishes facultative symbiotic partnerships with larger burrowing decapods. We collected a total of 52 individuals during the sampling period (1 year); 19 (36.5%) of these shrimps carried embryos underneath the abdomen. The mean ± SD carapace length was 4.7 ± 0.7 and 5.5 ± 0.3 mm in non-brooding and brooding shrimps, respectively. All collected specimens, whether or not brooding embryos, bear appendices masculinae on the endopods of the second pleopods. Burrows harboured only one or two shrimps and never three or more shrimps. Pairs of shrimp that inhabited burrows consisted of two brooding shrimps (N = 3 pairs), two non-brooding shrimps (N = 3), or one brooding and one non-brooding shrimp (N = 1). The presence of appendices masculinae in all collected shrimps, whether or not brooding embryos, and the pairing of brooding shrimp within host burrows suggest that S. carvachoi is a simultaneously hermaphroditic species.

Although Parthenopidae is a brachyuran decapod family comprising almost 140 species, there is little knowledge about its larval morphology. There are only two complete larval developments reared in the laboratory and some larval stages described for seven species. In the present work these data are compared and analysed. A summary is made of the larval features that characterize parthenopids that can be used to distinguish them from other brachyuran larvae. In addition, the megalopa stage of Derilambrus angulifrons and Parthenopoides massena was collected from plankton and identified by DNA barcodes. The morphology of the megalopa of D. angulifrons is described for the first time, and that of P. massena is compared with a previous description.

Eriocheir sinensis is an invasive species that spread in European waters as the result of human activity. The captures from the Portuguese population took place in September 2013 in the Tagus Estuary and were dominated by the medium-sized individuals at the beginning of their reproducing cycle (n=192).

The morphology of the first zoea of Gnathophyllum elegans is described from laboratory-reared material for the first time and analysed in detail with light and scanning electron microscopy. For systematic reasons, morphological characteristics in G. elegans are compared with those in Gnathophyllum americanum, Periclimenes amethysteus, a representative of the subfamily Pontoniinae and the closely related Hymenocera picta (Decapoda: Caridea: Hymenoceridae). We observed differences in the morphology of both Gnathophyllum-larvae, such as the number and arrangement of certain setae. Thus, larvae of the two Gnathophyllum species can be readily distinguished from each other. Further differential diagnosis with P. amethysteus confirms a high similarity between Gnathophyllum-larvae and larvae in the subfamily Pontoniinae, as already mentioned in earlier publications. The systematic relationships of the Gnathophyllidae, Hymenoceridae and Pontoniinae are discussed based on zoeal characters.

The ultrastructure of the spermatophores and spermatozoa of the Mediterranean hermit crab Pagurus excavatus are described, using transmission electron microscopy. The size of the different parts of the spermatophore and spermatozoa are given and their ultrastructure described and compared to similar data already present in the literature for other hermit crabs. The morphology and ultrastructure of the spermatophore and spermatozoa of P. excavatus are species-specific, clearly distinguishing the species from the others already described. The spermatophore and spermatozoa show some similarities with those produced by other representatives of the genus. In particular, the tripartite spermatophore is divided into two halves by the lateral ridge and, as with the spermatophores produced by other species belonging to the genus Pagurus, it is morphologically very different from any other Paguroidea. The spermatozoa are composed of an ovoidal acrosomal vesicle capped by the operculum; the acrosome has a length:width ratio of approximately 1.75, therefore larger than 1 as reported for all anomurans studied to date. At the base of the acrosomal vesicle, there is the thin cytoplasm, the large nucleus and three arms positioned to form a 120° angle between each other. The present description is an important additional step allowing for better understanding of the relationships among the different hermit crab taxa.

An inventory has been made of the decapod fauna of the Glorieuses Islands, western Indian Ocean (WIO), following the BIORECIE 2 Expedition to the Islands, 5–17 December 2012. Field data are complemented by a review of taxonomic studies for these islands. Overall 157 species are now reported from the Glorieuses Islands, including 61 new records. The presence of the coconut crab, Birgus latro, is confirmed from these islands, for the first time since 1884, and the WIO distribution of this endangered species is updated, based on observations made in the region since 2006.