The French scholar, Marc Bloch, describes two open field systems in France; the one with long narrow strips grouped in furlongs and ploughed by a long wheeled plough la charrue, the other with small rectangular plots ploughed by a short wheel-less plough, l'araire. R. G. Collingwood has taken up Marc Bloch by suggesting that in England, in Romano-British times, the charrue (carnea) was used on the Villa farms, whilst the araire (aratrum) was employed in the small plots of the villagers, the so-called ‘Celtic Fields’. He further suggests that the Celtic Fields were enclosures.