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Accepted manuscript

Minimally Processed Foods Have a Higher Total Antioxidant Content Compared to Processed and Ultra-processed Foods: Results from an Analysis of 1,946 Food Items

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2024

A.J. Basile*
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States Department of Human Ecology, State University of New York at Oneonta, 108 Ravine Parkway, Oneonta, NY 13820, United States
A. Ruiz-Tejada
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
A. E. Mohr
Affiliation:
College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 500 N 3rd St, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
S. Stanley
Affiliation:
College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 500 N 3rd St, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
E. Hjelm
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
K. L. Sweazea*
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 500 N 3rd St, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
*
Co-corresponding Authors: Anthony J. Basile; 108 Ravine Parkway, Oneonta, NY 13820, United States; 607-436-2147; [email protected]; Karen L. Sweazea; 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe Arizona, 85287-4501, United States; 480-965-6025; [email protected]
Co-corresponding Authors: Anthony J. Basile; 108 Ravine Parkway, Oneonta, NY 13820, United States; 607-436-2147; [email protected]; Karen L. Sweazea; 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe Arizona, 85287-4501, United States; 480-965-6025; [email protected]
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Abstract

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Ultra-processed foods (UPF), per the NOVA Classification, provide a major source of calories within modern food systems and are associated with poor health outcomes related to chronic inflammation. Dietary antioxidants play a key role in preventing disease, however, the relationship between the NOVA Classification and the total antioxidant content (TAC) of foods is not well-characterized. We hypothesized that TAC would be highest in Minimally Processed (MPF), lower in Processed (PRF), and lowest in UPF. TAC data for 3,137 animal-based, mixed, and plant-based food items were obtained from a published data set. After data cleaning, 1,946 food items and their TAC values were analyzed using two hierarchal linear models (alpha: p<0.05). MPF had the highest mean TAC (10.79 ± 0.87 mmol/100g) and were 11.31-fold and 10.72-fold higher than PRF and UPF, respectively (p=0.023). Plant-based and Mixed foods had a higher mean TAC (8.55 ± 0.68 and 1.12 ± 0.11 mmol/100g, respectively) and were 22.67-fold and 2.98-fold higher compared to animal-based foods (p<0.001). Food processing did not change mean TAC in Mixed and Animal-based foods; however, plant-based MPF had a higher mean TAC (11.49 ± 0.93 mmol/100g) and were 9.88-fold and 15.12-fold higher compared to plant-based PRF and UPF, respectively (p<0.001). Mean TAC differed between NOVA processing groups for three categories of food: Vegetables, Beverages, and Beans, Nuts & Seeds (p<0.001). Across all food items, and especially plant-based foods, mean TAC decreased with food processing. The lower TAC of UPFs may at least partially explain why their consumption promotes inflammatory chronic disease.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Authors 2024