The use of intravenous insulin in Sakel's shock treatment as an alternative to intramuscular insulin was first reported by Ventriglia (1939), whose findings may be summarized as follows:

(1) Hypoglycaemic symptoms appear more quickly than with intramuscular insulin, so that the pre-shock period is shortened.

(2) The coma dose of insulin is reduced by 50 per cent. on an average, but may be reduced by considerably more.

(3) In some cases the hypoglycaemic symptoms are more abrupt and violent.

(4) There is a greater tendency to tonic-clonic spasms and convulsions generally.

This is a field of knowledge which has been neglected unduly and which, should prove fruitful in view of the recognized importance of sex in psychology.

Pearse and Crocker (1944a), in their study of the family, that unit with which is associated suckling and coitus, leave out psychology, saying there is no normal psychology described.

This article is a study of mental derangement in Kenya Africans, and is based on seven years' special experience as Medical Officer in charge of Mathari Mental Hospital and of H.M. Prison, Nairobi, and on nine years' previous general medical experience as a Government Medical Officer in various parts of the Colony.

The automatic repetition of words heard (echolalia) and actions seen (echopraxia) has long been known to occur in certain psychotic states in cases of aphasia and in low-grade mental deficiency. Echographia was established as a sub-type of echopraxia (Pick, 1924). The similarity of the pathological echo-reactions with phenomena occurring normally in childhood during the early period of speech development was pointed out by Wyllie (1894) and Pick (1902), who studied them in aphasia. The most recent study dealing with echo-reactions is that of D. E. Schneider (1938), who described the syndrome echolalia, echopraxia, grasping and sucking. Most previous writers investigated echo-reactions either from the neurological or psychiatric point of view and not enough attention has been paid to the comparative aspect and to the question of a common underlying mechanism. In this study an attempt has been made to investigate that problem.

The observation and treatment of neurotic patients in groups has attracted much attention in recent years. Schizophrenics have occasionally been included in such therapy groups, and favourable results with them have been reported by Blackman, Foulkes and Lewis, Schilder, Wender and others.

Exhibitionism was stated by East to be the commonest sexual offence for which men are received into prison; this proved to be true in 1946, when 98 men charged with exposing themselves were received into Brixton Prison during the year. Exhibitionism is customarily dealt with under Section 4 of the Vagrancy Act, 1824, and the offender is charged with being a Rogue and Vagabond in that he “did wilfully, openly, lewdly and obscenely expose his person with intent to insult a female.” The term “exposure of the person” is presumed to be synonymous with exhibition of the genitals. The 98 cases about to be discussed represented 32.2 per cent. of the sexual offences and 1.95 per cent. of all offences received into the prison during 1946. Exhibitionism presents a difficult problem both to the doctor and to the layman, as it is often apparently nonsensical and meaningless. All cases received into prison are specially interviewed as a routine and frequently the Court requests a report as to the accused's state of mind. In this series this was requested in 88 cases—a much higher proportion than for any other offence.

The association of obsessive compulsive states with organic disease is well known and a prolific and abundant literature dealing with it has accumulated in the last twenty years. The combination of obsessive compulsive states with epilepsy, however, has received very little attention and in some of the cases in which it has been reported it has been regarded as a coincidence. This may very well be so, but the case here described is of interest in showing the combination very clearly, and it would not perhaps be very odd if there were a small group of epileptics with obsessive compulsive states, in whom both manifestations were ascribable to a common pathology.

At a time when treatment by electrically induced convulsions is attaining a rapid and widespread popularity in clinical psychiatry, it is well to take stock of alternative methods. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method of modifying the treatment of mental disorders by leptazol (cardiazol, metrazol, phrenazol) so as to remove the unpleasantness hitherto associated with this treatment. Though leptazol therapy is still widely employed in psychiatry, its use has, for two reasons, become increasingly restricted. Firstly, it is very unpleasant for the patient; secondly, newer physical treatments, no less empirical, often yield better results in the conditions in which it was used.