This paper presents an integrative framework or notional model for conceptualizing human learning which recognizes both environmental and internal or mediating determinants of behaviour. In line with the spirit of the times, the model accommodates the more traditional antecedents-behaviour-consequences (ABC) model with the rapidly emerging cognitive behaviour modification and psychophysiological literature. The five casks or boxes represent a dynamic interdepenent system elements. It is intended as a heuristic device for formulating and testing hypotheses, and as a reminder that apart from simple habits and reactions, human theses, and as a reminder that apart from simple habits and reactions, human behaviour is multiply determined, a product of interacting elements in a complex system.

Behavioural parent training as a treatment approach for conduct disordered children and their families has been a remarkably successful endeavour. However, both clinical experience and research findings have shown that some families can be considerably more difficult to treat than others. Families in which there is significant marital disharmony, maternal depression, low income, and lack of support networks, often drop out from treatment and fail to generalize or maintain treatment gains. This paper explores some of the potential ecological obstacles to programming generalization and maintenance effects in parent training. It also reviews a range of clinical strategies that can be employed to facilitate generalization effects in families. It is argued that if generalization enhancement strategies are to be effective they need to be derived from a fine grained functional analysis of each parent's ecological environment and individually tailored to that setting.

An enuresis alarm was successfully used for treatment enuresis in a five-year-old athetoid cerebral palsied child. Treatment included an overlearning procedure and the child was dry at six months follow up.