Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-k7p5g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-08T18:07:02.517Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Late Acheulean hominins at the Marine Isotope Stage 6/5e transition in north-central India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Michael Haslam ,
Richard G. Roberts ,
Ceri Shipton ,
J.N. Pal ,
Jacqueline L. Fenwick ,
Peter Ditchfield ,
Nicole Boivin ,
A.K. Dubey ,
M.C. Gupta  and
Michael Petraglia
Michael Haslam*
Affiliation:
Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
Richard G. Roberts
Affiliation:
Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
Ceri Shipton
Affiliation:
School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
J.N. Pal
Affiliation:
Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Jacqueline L. Fenwick
Affiliation:
Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
Peter Ditchfield
Affiliation:
Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
Nicole Boivin
Affiliation:
Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
A.K. Dubey
Affiliation:
Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
M.C. Gupta
Affiliation:
Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Michael Petraglia
Affiliation:
Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
*
⁎Corresponding author at: Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK. Fax: +44 1865 285220.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating was applied to Late Quaternary sediments at two sites in the Middle Son Valley, Madhya Pradesh, India. Designated Bamburi 1 and Patpara, these sites contain Late Acheulean stone tool assemblages, which we associate with non-modern hominins. Age determinations of 140–120 ka place the formation of these sites at around the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6–5 transition, placing them among the youngest Acheulean sites in the world. We present here the geochronology and sedimentological setting of these sites, and consider potential implications of Late Pleistocene archaic habitation in north-central India for the initial dispersal of modern humans across South Asia.

Keywords

Middle Son ValleySouth AsiaOptically stimulated luminescenceLate PleistoceneLithic technologyLate AcheuleanMiddle PalaeolithicHominin replacement
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 75 , Issue 3 , May 2011 , pp. 670 - 682
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, M.J. An Introduction to Optical Dating. (1998). Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, L.J., and Roberts, R.G. Stochastic modelling of multi-grain equivalent dose (De) distributions: implications for OSL dating of sediment mixtures. Quaternary Geochronology 4, (2009). 204–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athreya, S. Was Homo heidelbergensis in South Asia? A test using the Narmada fossil from central India. Petraglia, M., and Allchin, B. The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. (2007). Springer, Dordercht. 137–170.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Q., Gray, R., and Drummond, A. mtDNA variation predicts population size in humans and reveals a major Southern Asian chapter in human prehistory. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, (2008). 468–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskaran, M., Marathe, A., Rajaguru, S., and Somayajulu, B. Geochronology of Palaeolithic cultures in the Hiran Valley, Saurashtra, India. Journal of Archaeological Science 13, (1986). 505–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bednarik, R., Kumar, G., Watchman, A.L., and Roberts, R.G. Preliminary results of the EIP project. Rock Art Research 22, (2005). 147–197.Google Scholar
Blumenschine, R.J., Brandt, S.A., and Clark, J.D. Excavations and analysis of Middle Palaeolithic artifacts from Patpara, Madhya Pradesh. Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley. (1983). Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. 39–99.Google Scholar
Cameron, D., Patnaik, R., and Sahni, A. The phylogenetic significance of the Middle Pleistocene Narmada hominin cranium from central India. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, (2004). 419–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.D. Variability in primary and secondary technologies of the Later Acheulian in Africa. Milliken, S., and Cook, J. A Very Remote Period Indeed: Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe. (2001). Oxbow Books, Oxford. 1–18.Google Scholar
Clark, J.D., and Sharma, G.R. A discussion of preliminary results and assessment of future research potential. Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley. (1983). Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. 261–280.Google Scholar
Clark, J.D., and Williams, M. Paleoenvironments and prehistory in north central India: a preliminary report. Jacobsen, J. Studies in the Archaeology of India and Pakistan. (1987). Aris and Phillips Ltd, Warminster. 19–41.Google Scholar
Clemens, S., and Prell, W. A 350,000 year summer-monsoon multi-proxy stack from the Owen Ridge, Northern Arabian Sea. Marine Geology 201, (2003). 35–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lumley, M.-A., and Sonakia, A. First dscovery of a Homo erectus on the Indian sub-continent, at Hathnora, in the middle valley of the Narmada river. Anthropologie-Paris 89, (1985). 3–12.Google Scholar
Dennell, R.W. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. (2009). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Dennell, R.W. Palaeoanthropology: early Homo sapiens in China. Nature 468, (2010). 512–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennell, R.W., and Roebroeks, W. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438, (2005). 1099–1104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farooqui, A., Ray, J.G., Farooqui, S.A., Tiwari, R.K., and Khan, Z.A. Tropical rainforest vegetation, climate and sea level during the Pleistocene in Kerala, India. Quaternary International 213, (2010). 2–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, J.S., Petraglia, M., and Lahr, M.M. The southern dispersal hypothesis and the South Asian archaeological record: examination of dispersal routes through GIS analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26, (2007). 88–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galbraith, R.F., Roberts, R.G., Laslett, G.M., Yoshida, H., and Olley, J.M. Optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz from Jinmium rock shelter, northern Australia: part I, experimental design and statistical models. Archaeometry 41, (1999). 339–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, R.E., Krause, J., Briggs, A.W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Hsi-Yang Fritz, M., Hansen, N., Durand, E., Malaspinas, A.-S., Jensen, J., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H., Good, J., Schultz, R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Hober, B., Hoffner, B., Siegemund, M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E., Russ, C., Novod, N., Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan, Z., Gusic, I., Doronichev, V., Golovanova, L., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R., Johnson, P., Eichler, E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mulliken, J., Slatkin, M., Nielsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., and Paabo, S. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328, (2010). 710–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haslam, M., and Petraglia, M. Comment on ‘Environmental impact of the 73 ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia’, by M. Williams et al. [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 284 (2009) 295–314]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 296, (2010). 199–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, M., Clarkson, C., Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Jones, S., Shipton, C., Ditchfield, P., and Ambrose, S.H. The 74 ka Toba super-eruption and southern Indian hominins: archaeology, lithic technology and environments at Jwalapuram Locality 3. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, (2010). 3370–3384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, M., Clarkson, C., Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Bora, J., Boivin, N., Ditchfield, P., Jones, S., and Mackay, A. Indian lithic technology prior to the 74,000 BP Toba super-eruption: searching for an early modern human signature. Boyle, K., Gamble, C., and Bar-Yosef, O. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution in Global Perspective: Essays in Honour of Paul Mellars. (2010). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge. 73–84.Google Scholar
Hoffecker, J. The spread of modern humans in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106, (2009). 16040–16045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huntley, D.J., Godfrey-Smith, D.I., and Thewalt, M.L.W. Optical dating of sediments. Nature 313, (1985). 105–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Z., and Roberts, R.G. Advances in optically stimulated luminescence dating of individual grains of quartz from archeological deposits. Evolutionary Anthropology 16, (2007). 210–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Z., Roberts, R.G., Galbraith, R.F., Deacon, H.J., Grün, R., Mackay, A., Mitchell, P., Vogelsang, R., and Wadley, L. Ages for the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: implications for human behavior and dispersal. Science 322, (2008). 733–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, Z., Wintle, A.G., Roberts, R.G., and Duller, G.A.T. Equivalent dose distributions from single grains of quartz at Sibudu, South Africa: context, causes and consequences for optical dating of archaeological deposits. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, (2008). 1808–1820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, H., and Petraglia, M. Modern human origins and the evolution of behavior in the later Pleistocene record of South Asia. Current Anthropology 46, (2005). S3–S27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, H., and Petraglia, M. The Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in South Asia and its implications for hominin cognition and dispersals. Camps, M., and Chauhan, P. Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions: Methods, Theories, and Interpretations. (2009). Springer, New York. 255–264.Google Scholar
Jones, S. (2007). A human catastrophe? The impact of the 74,000 year-old supervolcanic eruption of Toba on hominin populations in India. Unpublished Unpublished PhD thesis thesis, University of Cambridge, .Google Scholar
Jones, S., and Pal, J.N. The Middle Son valley and the Toba supervolcanic eruption of 74 kyr BP: Youngest Toba Tuff deposits and Palaeolithic associations. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology 2, (2005). 47–62.Google Scholar
Jones, S., and Pal, J.N. The Palaeolithic of the Middle Son valley, north-central India: changes in hominin lithic technology and behaviour during the Upper Pleistocene. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28, (2009). 323–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juyal, N., Raj, R., Maurya, D.M., Chamyal, L.S., and Singhvi, A.K. Chronology of Late Pleistocene environmental changes in the lower Mahi basin, western India. Journal of Quaternary Science 15, (2000). 501–508.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, K.A.R., Sonakia, A., Chiment, J., and Verma, K.K. Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus?. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86, (1991). 475–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenoyer, M., and Pal, J.N. Report on the excavation and analysis of an Upper Acheulean assemblage from Sihawal II. Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley. (1983). Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. 23–38.Google Scholar
Khadkikar, A.S., Mathew, G., Malik, J.N., Gundu Rao, T.K., Chowgaonkar, M.P., and Merh, S.S. The influence of the South-west Indian monsoon on continental deposition over the past 130 kyr, Gujarat, western India. Terra Nova 11, (1999). 273–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korisettar, R. Toward developing a basin model for Paleolithic settlement of the Indian subcontinent: geodynamics, monsoon dynamics, habitat diversity and dispersal routes. Petraglia, M., and Allchin, B. The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. (2007). Springer, Dordrecht. 69–96.Google Scholar
Kourampas, N., Simpson, I., Perera, N., Deraniyagala, S.U., and Wijeyapala, W. Rockshelter sedimentation in a dynamic tropical landscape: Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene archaeological deposits in Kitulgala Beli-lena, southwestern Sri Lanka. Geoarchaeology 24, (2009). 677–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W., Jin, C.-Z., Zhang, Y.-Q., Cai, Y.-J., Xing, S., Wu, X.-J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Pan, W.-S., Qin, D.-G., An, Z.-S., Trinkhaus, E., and Wu, X.-Z. Human remains from Zhirendong, South China, and modern human emergence in East Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107, (2010). 19201–19206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandal, D. A note of the radiocarbon dates from the Middle Son Valley. Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley. (1983). Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. 101–116.Google Scholar
Marks, A. The Paleolithic of Arabia in an inter-regional context. Petraglia, M., and Rose, J. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. (2009). Springer, Dordrecht. 295–308.Google Scholar
Mishra, S. Chronology of the Indian Stone Age: the impact of recent absolute and relative dating attempts. Man and Environment 20, (1995). 11–16.Google Scholar
Misra, V.N. Middle Pleistocene adaptations in India. Soffer, O. The Pleistocene Old World. (1987). Plenum Press, New York. 99–119.Google Scholar
Misra, V.N. Stone Age India: an ecological perspective. Man and Environment 14, (1989). 17–64.Google Scholar
Misra, V.D. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic cultures of Northern Vindhyas. Misra, V.D., and Pal, J.N. Indian Prehistory: 1980. (1997). Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad. 61–74.Google Scholar
Misra, V.D., Rana, R.S., Clark, J.D., and Blumenschine, R.J. Preliminary excavations at the Son River section at Nakjhar Khurd. Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley. (1983). Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. 101–115.Google Scholar
Nathan, R.P., and Mauz, B. On the dose-rate estimate of carbonate-rich sediments for trapped charge dating. Radiation Measurements 43, (2008). 14–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheimer, S. The great arc of dispersal of modern humans: Africa to Australia. Quaternary International 202, (2009). 2–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pal, J.N. The Middle Palaeolithic culture of South Asia. Settar, S., and Korisettar, R. Indian Archaeology in Retrospect. Vol. 1: Prehistory. (2002). Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi. 67–83.Google Scholar
Pal, J.N., Williams, M., Jaiswal, M., and Singhvi, A.K. Infra Red Stimulated Luminescence ages for prehistoric cultures in the Son and Belan Valleys, north central India. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology 1, (2005). 51–62.Google Scholar
Pappu, R.S. Acheulian Culture in Peninsular India: An Ecological Perspective. (2001). D.K. Printworld, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Patnaik, R., Chauhan, P., Rao, M.R., Blackwell, B., Skinner, A., Sahni, A., Chauhan, M.S., and Khan, H. New geochronological, paleoclimatological, and archaeological data from the Narmada Valley hominin locality, central India. Journal of Human Evolution 56, (2009). 114–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petraglia, M. The Lower Palaeolithic of India and its bearing on the Asian record. Petraglia, M., and Korisettar, R. Early Human Behaviour in Global Context. (1998). Routledge, New York. 343–390.Google Scholar
Petraglia, M. The Indian Acheulian in global perspective. Goren-Inbar, N., and Sharon, G. Axe Age: Acheulian tool-making from quarry to discard. (2006). Equinox Publishing, London. 389–414.Google Scholar
Petraglia, M., Schuldenrein, J., and Korisettar, R. Landscapes, activity and the Acheulean to Middle Palaeolithic transition in the Kaladgi Basin, India. Eurasian Prehistory 1, (2003). 3–24.Google Scholar
Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Boivin, N., Clarkson, C., Ditchfield, P., Jones, S., Koshy, J., Lahr, M.M., Oppenheimer, C., Pyle, D., Roberts, R.G., Schwenninger, J.-L., Arnold, L., and White, K. Middle Palaeolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science 317, (2007). 114–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petraglia, M., Clarkson, C., Boivin, N., Haslam, M., Korisettar, R., Chaubey, G., Ditchfield, P., Fuller, D., James, H., Jones, S., Kivisild, T., Koshy, J., Lahr, M.M., Metspalu, M., Roberts, R., and Arnold, L. Population increase and environmental deterioration correspond with microlithic innovations in South Asia ca. 35,000 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, (2009). 12261–12266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Bai, M.K., Boivin, N., Janardhana, B., Clarkson, C., Cunningham, K., Ditchfield, P., Fuller, D., Hampson, J., Haslam, M., Jones, S., Koshy, J., Miracle, P., Oppenheimer, C., Roberts, R., and White, K. Human occupation, adaptation and behavioral change in the Pleistocene and Holocene of south India: recent investigations in the Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Eurasian Prehistory 6, (2009). 119–166.Google Scholar
Petraglia, M., Haslam, M., Fuller, D., Boivin, N., and Clarkson, C. Out of Africa: new hypotheses and evidence for the dispersal of Homo sapiens along the Indian Ocean rim. Annals of Human Biology 37, (2010). 288–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, R.G., Galbraith, R.F., Yoshida, H., Laslett, G.M., and Olley, J.M. Distinguishing dose populations in sediment mixtures: a test of single grain optical dating procedures using mixtures of laboratory-dosed quartz. Radiation Measurements 32, (2000). 459–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sankalia, H.D. Middle Stone Age culture in India and Pakistan. Science 146, (1964). 365–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settar, S., and Korisettar, R. Indian Archaeology in Retrospect. Vol. 1: Prehistory. (2002). Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeo-environments and prehistory in the Middle Son Valley, northern Madhya Pradesh. Man and Environment 6, (1982). 56–62.Google Scholar
Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley. (1983). Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad.Google Scholar
Sharma, R.K., and Misra, O.P. Archaeological Excavations in Central India. (2003). Mittal Publications, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Sharma, G. R., Misra, V. D., Varma, R. K., Misra, B. B., Mandal, D., Narain, J., Singh, R., and Pal, J. N. (1976). Explorations in districts — Sidhi, Rewa and Satna (M.P.), Banda, Allahabad and Varanasi (U.P.). (1975–1976). Unpublished ms. Institute of Archaeology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad.Google Scholar
Sharon, G. Acheulian giant-core technology: a worldwide perspective. Current Anthropology 50, (2009). 335–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shea, J.J. Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the east Mediterranean Levant. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, (2008). 2253–2270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singhvi, A.K., Williams, M., Rajaguru, S.N., Misra, V.N., Chawla, S., Stokes, S., Chauhan, N., Francis, T., Ganjoo, R.K., and Humphreys, G.S. A 200 ka record of climatic change and dune activity in the Thar Desert. India, Quaternary Science Reviews 29, (2010). 3095–3105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soares, P., Ermini, L., Thomson, N., Mormina, M., Rito, T., Rohl, A., Salas, A., Oppenheimer, S., and Richards, M. Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock. American Journal of Human Genetics 84, (2009). 740–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonakia, A. Early Homo from Narmada valley, India. Delson, E. Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. (1985). Alan R. Liss, New York. 334–338.Google Scholar
Szabo, B., McKinney, C., Dalbey, T., and Paddayya, K. On the age of the Acheulian culture of the Hunsgi–Baichbal Valleys, peninsular India. Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute 50, (1990). 317–321.Google Scholar
Tostevin, G. Social intimacy, artefact visibility and acculturation models of Neanderthal–modern human interaction. Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., and Stringer, C. Rethinking the Human Revolution. (2007). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge. 341–357.Google Scholar
Trinkhaus, E. European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104, (2007). 7367–7372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M., and Clarke, M.F. Late Quaternary environments in north-central India. Nature 308, (1984). 633–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M., and Clarke, M.F. Quaternary geology and prehistoric environments in the Son and Belan valleys, north central India. Wadia, S., Korisettar, R., and Kale, V.S. Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology of India. (1995). Geological Society of India, Bangalore. 282–308.Google Scholar
Williams, M., and Royce, K. Quaternary geology of the Middle Son valley, north central India: implications for prehistoric archaeology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 38, (1982). 139–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M., and Royce, K. Alluvial history of the Middle Son Valley, north central India. Sharma, G.R., and Clark, J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley. (1983). Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. 9–22.Google Scholar
Williams, M., Pal, J.N., Jaiswal, M., and Singhvi, A.K. River response to Quaternary climatic fluctuations: evidence from the Son and Belan valleys, north-central India. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, (2006). 2619–2631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Haslam et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Haslam et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 1 MB