I address the issue of dust and gas as seeds for metal-poor star formation by reviewing what we know about star formation in nearby dwarf galaxies and its relationship to the gas and dust. I (try to) speculate on the extent to which processes in nearby galaxies mimic star formation in the early universe.

We present evidence that the accretion of warm gas onto the Galaxy today is at least as important as cold gas accretion. For more than a decade, the source of the bright Hα emission (up to 750 mR†) along the Magellanic Stream has remained a mystery. We present a hydrodynamical model that explains the known properties of the Hα emission and provides new insights on the lifetime of the Stream clouds. The upstream clouds are gradually disrupted due to their interaction with the hot halo gas. The clouds that follow plough into gas ablated from the upstream clouds, leading to shock ionisation at the leading edges of the downstream clouds. Since the following clouds also experience ablation, and weaker Hα (100–200 mR) is quite extensive, a disruptive cascade must be operating along much of the Stream. In order to light up much of the Stream as observed, it must have a small angle of attack (≈ 20°) to the halo, and this may already find support in new Hi observations. Another prediction is that the Balmer ratio (Hα/Hβ) will be substantially enhanced due to the slow shock; this will soon be tested by upcoming WHAM observations in Chile. We find that the clouds are evolving on timescales of 100–200 Myr, such that the Stream must be replenished by the Magellanic Clouds at a fairly constant rate (≳ 0.1 M⊙ yr−1). The ablated material falls onto the Galaxy as a warm drizzle; diffuse ionized gas at 104 K is an important constituent of galactic accretion. The observed Hα emission provides a new constraint on the rate of disruption of the Stream and, consequently, the infall rate of metal-poor gas onto the Galaxy. We consider the stability of Hi clouds falling towards the Galactic disk and show that most of these must break down into smaller fragments that become partially ionized. The Galactic halo is expected to have huge numbers of smaller neutral and ionized fragments. When the ionized component of the infalling gas is accounted for, the rate of gas accretion is ~0.4 M⊙ yr−1, roughly twice the rate deduced from Hi observations alone.

We set up a framework for calculating in a precise and controlled way the collisional properties of several molecules of astrophysical meaning. The quantities that are relevant for astrophysics are rotational and vibrational quenching/excitation rates by means of collisions of H2 with water and some organic molecules (HC3N, H2CO). We calculate those rates by means of successively determining a intermolecular potential energy surface and calculating inelastic cross sections and rates classically and/or quantum mechanically. These calculations are part of the European Union FP6 Molecular Universe program.

Forty five limb CMEs related with eruptive prominences and/or near-to-limb post-eruptive arcades have been tested. It is shown that CMEs can be divided into two groups. The first group includes coronal mass ejections whose “2α” latitude angular sizes apparent in the plane of the sky remain unchanged within measurement accuracy of several degrees. The second one is formed by CMEs that expand “non-radially”, namely, their angular sizes increase by the relative value (10-30)% up to the position of the ejection front RF = Rαm and run to the maximal value 2αm at this distance. It has been found that CMEs of the second type are, on the average, wider, faster and have an outer shell brighter and with higher plasma density for long distances. It is shown that on average Rαm increases as 2αm rises.

The two young clusters NGC 346 and NGC 602 in the Small Magellanic Cloud provide us with the opportunity to study and the efficiency of feedback mechanism at low metallicity, as well as the impact of local and global conditions in cluster formation and evolution. I describe the latest results from a multi-wavelength, large-scale study of these two clusters. HST/ACS images reveal that the clusters have very different structures: NGC 346 is composed by a number of sub-clusters which appear coeval with ages of 3 ± 1 Myr, strongly suggesting formation by the hierarchical fragmentation of a turbulent molecular cloud (Nota et al. 2006; Sabbi et al. 2007a). NGC 602, on the contrary, appears as a single small cluster of OB stars surrounded by pre-main sequence stars. For both clusters high-resolution spectroscopy of the ionized gas shows little evidence for gas motions. This suggests that at the low SMC metallicity, the winds from the hottest stars are not powerful enough to sweep away the residual gas. Instead we find that stellar radiation is the dominant process shaping the interstellar environment of NGC 346 and NGC 602.

Brown dwarfs are natural clocks, cooling and dimming over time due to insufficient core fusion. They are also numerous and present in nearly all Galactic environments, making them potentially useful chronometers for a variety of Galactic studies. For this potential to be realized, however, precise and accurate ages for individual sources are required, a prospect made difficult by the complex atmospheres and spectra of low-temperature brown dwarfs; degeneracy between mass, age and luminosity; and the lack of useful age trends in magnetic activity and rotation. In this contribution, I review five ways in which ages for brown dwarfs are uniquely determined, discuss their applicability and limitations, and give current empirical precisions.

Mixing length parameter of the mixing length theory is a free parameter and used to calibrate radii of late-type stars. From the Hyades cluster and the α Centauri system, we find that the parameter depends on the stellar mass and some other properties of stars. Considering some other systems, we describe how the parameter depends on stellar parameters.

We present observational evidence that NGC 6543 produced a jet of cosmic rays that irradiated the Earth recorded as cosmogenic10Be found ice cores. This identification shows that the jet was accompanied by a magnetic field of sufficient strength to travel 220pc and retain evidence of the celestial coordinates of the source object.

The Commission home page <iau-c35.stsci.edu> is maintained by Claus Leitherer and contains general information on the Commission structure and activities, including links to stellar structure resources that were made available by the owners. The resources contain evolutionary tracks and isochrones from various groups, nuclear reaction, EOS, and opacity data as well as links to main astronomical journals. As a routine activity, the Organizing Committee has commented on and ranked proposals for several IAU sponsored meetings. Our Commission acted as one of the coordinating bodies of a Symposium held at the IAU XXVI General Assembly in Prague, August 2006, (IAU Symposium No. 239 Convection in Astrophysics, and participated in the organization of the following Joint Discussions: JD05 Calibrating the Top of the Stellar Mass-Luminosity Relation, JD06 Neutron Stars and Black Holes in Star Clusters, JD08 Solar and Stellar Activity Cycles, JD11 Pre-Solar Grains as Astrophysical Tools; JD14 Modelling Dense Stellar Systems; and JD17 Highlights of Recent Progress in the Seismology of the Sun and Sun-like Stars.

The Kepler Mission is a space-based mission whose primary goal is to determine the frequency of Earth-size and larger planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. The mission will monitor more than 100,000 stars for patterns of transits with a differential photometric precision of 20 ppm at V = 12 for a 6.5 hour transit. It will also provide asteroseismic results on several thousand dwarf stars. It is specifically designed to continuously observe a single field of view of greater than 100 square degrees for 3.5 or more years.

This paper provides a short overview of the mission, a brief history of the mission development, expected results, new investigations by the recently chosen Participating Scientists, and the plans for the Guest Observer and Astrophysical Data Programs.

An overview is given of the chemical processes that occur in primordial systems under the influence of radiation, metal abundances and dust surface reactions. It is found that radiative feedback effects differ for UV and X-ray photons at any metallicity, with molecules surviving quite well under irradiation by X-rays. Starburst and AGN will therefore enjoy quite different cooling abilities for their dense molecular gas. The presence of a cool molecular phase is strongly dependent on metallicity. Strong irradiation by cosmic rays (>200× the Milky Way value) forces a large fraction of the CO gas into neutral carbon. Dust is important for H2 and HD formation, already at metallicities of 10−4 − 10−3 solar, for electron abundances below 10−3.

Observations tend to select mass loss rates near the critical rate, Ṁcrit = M/L. There are two reasons for this. In some situations, such as near the tip of the AGB, the mass loss rate is very sensitive to stellar parameters. In this case, stars with Ṁ ≪ Ṁcrit have dust-free, hard-to-measure mass loss rates while stars with Ṁ ≫ Ṁcrit do not survive very long and thus make up a small fraction of any sample. Selection effects dominate the fitting of empirical formulae; observations of mass loss rates tell us more about which stars are losing mass than about how a star loses mass. In other situations, such as for some of the stars along the RGB, a steady state situation occurs where the loss of mass leads to a decrease in mass loss rate while the evolutionary changes lead to an increase; the result is a steady state with Ṁ = Ṁcrit. To determine the envelope mass and composition at the end of a phase of intensive mass loss requires stellar evolution models capable of responding on a time scale ~ tKH and thus, a new generation of stellar modeling codes.

The Magellanic Clouds offer a unique variety of star forming regions seen as bright nebulae of ionized gas, related to bright young stellar associations. Nowadays, observations with the high resolving efficiency of the Hubble Space Telescope allow the detection of the faintest infant stars, and a more complete picture of clustered star formation in our dwarf neighbors has emerged. I present results from our studies of the Magellanic Clouds, with emphasis in the young low-mass pre-main sequence populations. Our data include imaging with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the association LH 95 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the deepest observations ever taken with HST of this galaxy. I discuss our findings in terms of the initial mass function, which we constructed with an unprecedented completeness down to the sub-solar regime, as the outcome of star formation in the low-metallicity environment of the LMC.

We study the effects of hypercritical accretion onto a neutron star surface. The magnetic field submergence in the neutron star crust and the possible rediffusion is investigated.

We present a study of the dynamics and magnetic activity of M dwarfs using the largest spectroscopic sample of low-mass stars ever assembled. The age at which strong surface magnetic activity (as traced by Hα) ceases in M dwarfs has been inferred to have a strong dependence on mass (spectral type, surface temperature) and explains previous results showing a large increase in the fraction of active stars at later spectral types. Using spectral observations of more than 40000 M dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we show that the fraction of active stars decreases as a function of vertical distance from the Galactic plane (a statistical proxy for age), and that the magnitude of this decrease changes significantly for different M spectral types. Adopting a simple dynamical model for thin disk vertical heating, we assign an age for the activity decline at each spectral type, and thus determine the activity lifetimes for M dwarfs. In addition, we derive a statistical age-activity relation for each spectral type using the dynamical model, the vertical distance from the Plane and the Hα emission line luminosity of each star (the latter of which also decreases with vertical height above the Galactic plane).

The processes by which methanol, one of the most abundant interstellar organics, is formed in the interstellar medium are not yet accurately known. Pure gas-phase chemistry models fail to reproduce observed abundances by orders of magnitude, pointing to formation on grains and subsequent desorption.

Observations of methanol and its isotopologue 13CH3OH in several sources have been used to trace the origin, and thus the formation routes of methanol on interstellar grains, by means of isotope labelling a posteriori.

The NASA Discovery mission EPOXI, utilizing the Deep Impact flyby spacecraft, comprises two phases: EPOCh (Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization) and DIXI (Deep Impact eXtended Investigation). With EPOCh, we use the 30-cm high resolution visible imager to obtain ultraprecise photometric light curves of known transiting planet systems. We will analyze these data for evidence of additional planets, via transit timing variations or transits; for planetary moons or rings; for detection of secondary eclipses and the constraint of geometric planetary albedos; and for refinement of the system parameters. Over a period of four months, EPOCh observed four known transiting planet systems, with each system observed continuously for several weeks. Here we present an overview of EPOCh, including the spacecraft and science goals, and preliminary photometry results.

Coronal dimmings often develop in the vicinity of erupting magnetic configurations. It has been suggested that they mark the location of the footpoints of ejected flux ropes and, thus, their magnetic flux can be used as a proxy for the ejected flux. If so, this quantity can be compared to the flux in the associated interplanetary magnetic cloud (MC) to find clues about the origin of the ejected flux rope. In the context of this interpretation, we present several events for which we have done a comparative solar-interplanetary analysis. We combine SOHO/Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) data and Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) magnetic maps to identify and measure the flux in the dimmed regions. We model the associated MCs and compute their magnetic flux using in situ observations. We find that the magnetic fluxes in the dimmings and MCs are compatible in some events; though this is not the case for large-scale and intense eruptions that occur in regions that are not isolated from others. We conclude that, in these particular cases, a fraction of the dimmed regions can be formed by reconnection between the erupting field and the surrounding magnetic structures, via a stepping process that can also explain other CME associated events.

Studies of the halo gas in the Milky Way and in nearby spiral galaxies show the presence of gas complexes that cannot be reconciled with an internal (galactic fountain) origin and are direct evidence of gas accretion. Estimating gas accretion rates from these features consistently gives values, which are one order of magnitude lower than what is needed to feed the star formation. I show that this problem can be overcome if most of the accretion is in fact “hidden” as it mixes with the galactic fountain material coming from the disk. This model not only provides an explanation for the missing gas accretion but also reproduces the peculiar kinematics of the halo gas in particular the vertical rotation gradient. In this view this gradient becomes indirect evidence for gas accretion.

Commission 36 covers the whole field of the physics of stellar atmospheres. The scientific activity in this large subject has been very intense during the last triennium and led to the publication of a large number of papers, which makes a complete report quite impractical. We have therefore decided to keep the format of the preceding report: first a list of areas of current research, then Web links for obtaining further information.