Demands on developers are increasing due to the growing complexity of products in engineering. As many different disciplines are involved in planning the communication and data exchange becomes difficult. Systems engineering and especially the model-based development have proven themselves for this sector. However, the different languages for system modeling, such as SysML, offer considerable potential for optimization. A corresponding data model must be modelled so that data is available continuously and across all levels. Based on this data model, various engineering processes like risk management can be integrated into this model. New stereotypes are defined within SysML so that errors and risks can be implemented in the system model. This makes it possible to determine influences and effects that risks and errors have on other components of a product across all structures.

Environmental issues such as climate change are leading to sustainability challenges for the aerospace industry. New materials such as composites allow significant weight reduction, which leads to a lower fuel consumption. However, composites involve complex processes and there is a lack of knowledge on their social and environmental consequences. Through two cases based on real aero-engines components, this paper shows that the weight savings provided by composites reduce significantly the CO2 emissions during flight which compensates the environmental drawbacks from production and recycling.

Globalisation and the mixing of people, cultures, religions and languages fuels pressing healthcare, educational, political and other complex sociocultural issues. Many of these issues are driven by society's struggle to find ways to facilitate deeper and more emotionally meaningful ways to help people connect and overcome the empathy gap which keeps various groups of people apart. This paper presents a process to design for empathy – as an outcome of design. This extends prior work which typically looks at empathy for design – as a part of the design process, as is common in inclusive design and human centered design process. We reflect on empathy in design and challenge the often internalised role of the designer to be more externalised, to shift from an empathiser to become an empathy generator. We develop and demonstrate the process to design for empathy through a co-creation case study aiming to bring empathy into politics. The ongoing project is set in the Parliament of Finland, and involves co- creation with six Members of the Parliament from five political parties. Outcomes of the process and case study are discussed, including design considerations for future research.

Close to process measuring improves the data quality of a condition monitoring process. A possibility to access such measurements comes with the addition of a sensory function in machine elements. For a systematic development of sensing machine elements, an approach is presented for the identification of possible measurands to determine a variable of interest. Based on a modelling of physical causeeffect- relationships by using an effect matrix and an effect catalogue it allows to consider both direct and indirect measurements for the determination of measurands in technical systems.

The presented approach is initially applied to develop a sensory solution for self-lubricated fibrecomposite sliding bearings. The aim is to measure a variable of interest that can give a conclusion about the estimated remaining useful lifetime. The development process is described and possible solutions for measurement concepts are presented. The electrical capacity measurement, evaluated as the most promising concept, is described in detail and experimental results are presented.

These results show the applicability of the sensory concept and therefore, the benefits of the presented approach.

Extensive work exists on value in multiple domains. However, there are different interpretations, highlighting a lack of clarity about the fundamental characteristics. To address this, we present seven value axioms resulting from inductive research. The axioms may be viewed as general rules describing value in any context, therefore conveying the fundamental characteristics of the phenomenon. They reveal that value is: (1) connected to people; (2) an output of a cognitive process; (3) in requirement of a determination process; (4) a matter of a given situation; (5) determined by the interpretations of entities; and related to (6) entities and (7) criteria. The nature of value is of particular importance to the design community, given the emphasis on value in design and product development. In this context, a lack of clarity may be perceived in terms of when value appears, appropriate metrics, and how to add value. To provide explanations, there is a need for a theory of value in design. The presented axioms may provide the basis, as they are fundamental statements on the nature of value and not limited to a specific domain. We highlight theory requirements based on the axioms.

The challenges related to product structures, which go hand in hand with megatrends such as individualization, can be met with the modularity of product structures. With the help of various modularization methods, modular product structures are created with regard to different goals. There are many references to the effects of modular product structures on life phases and economic targets in the literature. These effects were collected in previous research in a generic impact model. Since there is a lot of information about the effects, such models become very comprehensive and thereby difficult to handle. For this reason, the impact model is consistently generated using SysML. The adaptation to company scenarios is possible through the use of simulations with which, for example, company-related and product-related boundary conditions can be controlled by means of a User Interface.

High amount of changes and increasing complexity in CAD design of wiring harnesses result in a lack of time for documentation and transfer of acquired knowledge. To be able to transfer the gained knowledge efficiently during development automating the identification, analyzation and documentation of changes is necessary. This paper shows a methodology to address this challenge for CAD data of wiring harnesses. Thus, it is shown how interrelated change elements can be combined or separated from each other according to their change intention.

To counteract competitive pressure, increasing customer requirements and growing product complexity successful distributed collaboration in product development is vital. Companies have to face new challenges, such as efficiency losses in communication. To overcome these challenges agile working practices, such as agile retrospectives, could be beneficial. The objective of this scientific work is to evaluate the benefit of agile working practices on the example of agile retrospectives, for the improvement of collaboration in distributed development teams. Based on literature analysis, qualitative and quantitative expert interviews following the DRM by Blessing and Chakrabarti, this scientific work shows that agile working practices have a high potential to improve distributed collaboration. To address this potential, several virtual agile retrospectives are developed and conducted within a distributed team at Bosch Engineering GmbH. The evaluation of this approach results in a high potential of agile retrospectives indicating an improvement tendency. Especially iteratively implemented virtual agile retrospectives have a positive impact on successful distributed collaboration.

The process of generating FMEA following document-centric approach is tedious and susceptible to human error. This paper presents preliminary methodology for robotic manufacturing process modelling in MBSE environment with a scope of automating multiple steps of the modelling process using ontology. This is followed by the reasoning towards automatic generation of process FMEA from the MBSE model. The proposed methodology allows to establish robust and self-synchronising links between process-relevant information, reduce the likelihood of human error, and scale down time expenses.

Car crash simulation analysis is an important phase within the vehicle development. It intends to analyse the crashworthiness of the vehicle model and examine the level of passive security. However, this activity is not trivial because of the considerable collaboration within the project, the large amount of analysed and exchanged data and a high exigency. Consequently, a solution to assist, ease and reduce the time of the process is desired.

To study the current practices followed in the car crash simulation analysis an empirical study has been conducted. This study has been applied within the simulation analysis team, in the development phase, within an automotive company. This paper describes a qualitative analysis of the industrial context and diagnoses the dysfunctions in the current practices. This paper also highlights the current challenges encountered in the car crash simulation analysis.

In 2019, Dyson had to cancel its ambitious electric car project after having already 500 Million pounds spent. This example shows how difficult it is to assess the consequences of decisions on development targets as cost, risk, and innovation potential. Knowledge about references, variation types and their impact on development targets can help to increase the maturity of the decision basis. The model of PGE - product generation engineering describes these interrelations using the reference system. This contribution deals with the question of how knowledge about the impact of variation types and characteristics of reference system elements on new product generations can be made usable through modelling and visualization. Therefore, characteristics of reference system elements and their impacts on common development targets are collected through literature research. To process this knowledge base in technical information systems, an Entity-Relationship data model is developed. Through the implementation of a VR visualization, the data model is validated and a first visualisation approach is shown. The findings of this work can be used to systematise research on impact factors in PGE and to develop further digital methods.

The development of cyber-physical systems requires close cooperation between stakeholders from different disciplines. Model-based systems engineering support this by the design of a system model. Non-identified domain knowledge by the stakeholders is a challenge when creating the system model. The CONSENS 3D-Modeling Method supports the domain-independent elicitation of domain knowledge using a 3D environment and enables the derivation of a SysML system model. We applyed the method by implementing a prototype, called 3D Engineer, to an application example from the automotive industry.

The prosperity of any megacities heavily depends on smooth transport systems. In India, however, most cities are failing to keep in step with the growing demands. With new technologies, such as passenger drones, an alternate mode of intra-city transportation seems within reach. For successful development of passenger drones in a diverse country like India, understanding users’ needs are vital. This paper presents the results from a survey of potential users of passenger drones from across India. These are then used to derive concrete recommendations for passenger drones design parameters.

De-manufacturing and re-manufacturing are fundamental technical solutions to efficiently recover value from post-use products. Disassembly in one of the most complex activities in de-manufacturing because i) the more manual it is the higher is its cost, ii) disassembly times are variable due to uncertainty of conditions of products reaching their EoL, and iii) because it is necessary to know which components to disassemble to balance the cost of disassembly. The paper proposes a methodology that finds ways of applications: it can be applied at the design stage to detect space for product design improvements, and it also represents a baseline from organizations approaching de-manufacturing for the first time. The methodology consists of four main steps, in which firstly targets components are identified, according to their environmental impact; secondly their disassembly sequence is qualitatively evaluated, and successively it is quantitatively determined via disassembly times, predicting also the status of the component at their End of Life. The aim of the methodology is reached at the fourth phase when alternative, eco-friendlier End of Life strategies are proposed, verified, and chosen.

The article stems from the main informative gaps of Design for Sustainable Behaviour and discusses the paramount role of a data-driven approach to inform design. The article stresses how quantitative data can address global sustainability, determine behaviours to modify, measure the impact of new learned sustainable behaviours as well as support the definition of behaviour change strategies, widening the spatial and temporal scales to communities and longitudinal studies and reducing unpredictable biases coming from tacit knowledge externalization and interpretation.

Design for AM (DfAM) requires the definition of Design Actions (DAs) to optimize AM manufacturing processes. However, AM understanding is still very blurred. Often designers are challenged by selecting the right design parameters. A method to list and collect DfAM DAs is currently missing. The paper aims at providing a framework to collect DfAM DAs according to a developed ontology to create databases (DBs). DBs were tested with two real case studies and geometric features to improve identified. Future developments aim at widening the database to provide all-around support for AM processes.

Design thinking is a methodology that comes from the industrial design realm and is centred on culling better needs insight from users. Another popular methodology is based gaining insight on the potential of an opportunity through experimentation, testing, and iterating with users. This is commonly referred to as lean startup methods. However, from a research perspective, we still do not know the most effective way to implement these user focused design methods within the innovation process within organizations, and which aspects of the design process are the most impactful in developing new opportunities. In this research, we propose a high-level conceptual process model on how user focused design methods such as design thinking and lean startup methods can be integrated into the up-front innovation process within organizations. We review the conceptual model, associated activities, and process considerations. The article concludes with thoughts on future research.

Due to increasing sustainability demands, textiles manufacturing, an industry that uses substantial amounts of natural resources, energy and labour, are facing tough challenges in the years ahead. One of the more overlooked concepts with great potential for sustainable manufacturing is Industry 4.0. This paper addresses how the textile industry is engaging with Industry 4.0 technologies and applications in the context of sustainable manufacturing. A proposal for an implementation framework is introduced based on a literature review within this field.

The aim of the paper is to foster a discussion in the engineering design community about its understanding of the innovation phenomena and the unique contribution that comes from engineering design. The paper reports on the dialouge originating from a series of workshops with participants from different backgrounds in engineering design, systems engineering, industrial design psychology and business.

Definitions of innovation are revisited as used in business, management and engineering design contexts. The role of innovation is then discussed related to product development from (i) the management perspective, (ii) a systems architecture perspective and (iii) in relation to sustainable development as one driver of innovation.

It is argued that engineering design has a central role in how to realise the novelty aspect of innovation and often plays a critical role in maturing these into the valuable products, and there is a need to articulate the role of engineering design in innovation to better resonate with the business and management research.

As Industry 4.0 will greatly challenge employee mental workload (MWL), research on objective wearable MWL-monitoring is in high demand. However, numerous research lines validating such technology might become redundant when employees eventually object to its implementation. In a pilot study, we manipulated two ways in which employees might perceive MWL-monitoring initiatives. We found that framing the technology in terms of serving intrinsic goals (e.g., improving health) together with an autonomy-supportive context (e.g., allowing discussion) yields higher user acceptability when compared to framing in terms of extrinsic goals (e.g., increasing productivity) together with a controlling context (e.g., mandating use). User acceptability still panned out neutral in case of the former, however - feeding into our own and suggested future work.