Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T21:24:31.324Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Using network analysis to study globalization, regionalization, and multi-polarity—Introduction to special section

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2019

PHILIPPE DE LOMBAERDE
Affiliation:
Neoma Business School, Rouen, France (e-mail: [email protected])
LELIO IAPADRE
Affiliation:
University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy UNU-CRIS, Bruges, Belgium (e-mail: [email protected])
ANN MCCRANIE
Affiliation:
Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA (e-mail: [email protected])
LUCIA TAJOLI
Affiliation:
Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy (e-mail: [email protected])
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In this introduction to the special section on globalization, regionalization, and multi-polarity, we review network analysis applications to the study of globalization as a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon and we explore the frontiers of our knowledge about the network properties of global systems. We focus on the global economic (trade and investment), political, and migration systems.

Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

References

A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine (2001). Measuring globalization. Foreign Policy, 122, 5665.Google Scholar
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine (2002). Globalization's last hurrah? Foreign Policy, 128, 3851.Google Scholar
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine (2003). Measuring globalization: Who's up, who's down? Foreign Policy, 134, 6072.Google Scholar
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine (2004). Measuring globalization: Economic reversals, forward momentum. Foreign Policy, 141, 5469.Google Scholar
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine (2005). Measuring globalization. Foreign Policy, 148, 5260.Google Scholar
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine (2006). The globalization index. Foreign Policy, 157, 7481.Google Scholar
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine (2007). The globalization index 2007. Foreign Policy, 163, 6876.Google Scholar
Abel, G. J., & Sander, N. (2014). Quantifying global international migration flows. Science, 343 (6178), 15201522.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Carvalho, V. M., Ozdaglar, A. & Tahbaz-Salehi, A. (2012). The network origins of aggregate fluctuations. Econometrica, 80, 19772016.Google Scholar
Alderson, A. S., & Beckfield, J. (2004). Power and position in the world city system. American Journal of Sociology, 109 (4), 811851.Google Scholar
Altomonte, C., & Rungi, A. (2013). Business groups as hierarchies of firms determinants of vertical integration and performance. European Central Bank, Working Paper Series (1554).Google Scholar
Anderson, J. E. & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with gravitas: A solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review, 93 (1), 170192.Google Scholar
Andersson, U., & Forsgren, M. (1996). Subsidiary embeddedness and control in the multinational corporation. International Business Review, 5 (5), 487508.Google Scholar
Arrighi, G. (1994). The long twentieth century: Money, power, and the origins of our times. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Arrighi, G. (1998). Capitalism and the Modern World-System: Rethinking the Nondebates of the 1970's. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 21 (1), 113129.Google Scholar
Baier, S., & Bergstrand, J. (2007). Do free trade agreements actually increase members' international trade? Journal of International Economics, 71 (1), 7295.Google Scholar
Balcan, D., Colizza, V., Gonçalves, B., Hu, H., Ramasco, J. J., & Vespigiani, A. (2009). Multiscale mobility networks and the spatial spreading of infectious diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (51): 2148421489.Google Scholar
Baldwin, R. (2004). The spoke trap: Hub and spoke bilateralism in East Asia. KIEP Discussion Paper (04-02).Google Scholar
Bao, S., Bodvarsson, O. B., Hou, J. W., & Zhao, Y. (2009). Migration in China from 1985 to 2000: The effects of past migration, investments and deregulation. Chinese Economy, 42 (4), 728.Google Scholar
Barabási, A.-L., Jeong, H., Neda, Z., Ravasz, E., Schubert, A., & Vicsek, T. (2002). Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations. Physica A, 311 (3), 590614.Google Scholar
Barigozzi, M., Fagiolo, G., & Garlaschelli, D. (2010). Multinetwork of international trade: A commodity-specific analysis. Physical Review E, 81 (4), 046104.Google Scholar
Barigozzi, M., Fagiolo, G., & Mangioni, G. (2011). Identifying the community structure of the international-trade multi-network. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 390 (11), 20512066.Google Scholar
Barnett, M., & Duvall, R. (2005). Power in international politics. International Organization, 59 (1), 3975.Google Scholar
Battiston, S., Delli Gatti, D., Gallegati, M., Greenwald, B., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2007b). Credit chains and bankruptcy propagation in production networks. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 31 (6), 20612084.Google Scholar
Battiston, S., Rodrigues, J. F., & Zeytinoglu, H. (2007a). The network of inter-regional direct investment stocks across Europe. Advances in Complex Systems, 10 (1), 2951.Google Scholar
Beckfield, J. (2003). Inequality in the world polity: The structure of international organization. American Sociological Review, 68 (3), 401424.Google Scholar
Beckfield, J. (2008). The dual world polity: Fragmentation and integration in the network of intergovernmental organizations. Social Problems, 55 (3), 419442.Google Scholar
Billsborrow, R. E., Hugo, G., Oberai, A. S., & Zlotnik, H. (1997). International migration statistics. Guidelines for improving data collection systems. Geneva: International Labour Organization.Google Scholar
Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology, 92 (5), 11701182.Google Scholar
Brahmbhatt, M. (1998). Measuring global economic integration: A review of the literature and recent evidence. World Bank Working Paper.Google Scholar
Brams, S. J., Mutlu, H. & Ramírez, S. L. (2006). Influence in terrorist networks: From undirected to directed graphs. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29 (7), 703718.Google Scholar
Breiger, R. (1981). Structures of economic interdependence among nations. In Blau, P. M., & Merton, R. K. (Eds.), Continuities in structural inquiry (pp. 353380). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Cantwell, J. (1995). The globalisation of technology: What remains of the product cycle model?. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19 (1), 155174.Google Scholar
Ceccorulli, M., Channac, F., De Lombaerde, P., & Fanta, E. (2011). Indicators of intra-regional migration and mobility. In De Lombaerde, P., Flôres, R., Iapadre, L., & Schulz, M. (Eds.), The regional integration manual. Quantitative and qualitative methods (pp. 6597). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chen, L. & De Lombaerde, P. (2014). Testing the relationships between globalization, regionalization and the regional hub-ness of the BRICs. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36 (S1), S111S131.Google Scholar
Chen, M. X., & Joshi, S. (2010). Third-country effects on the formation of free trade agreements. Journal of International Economics, 82 (2), 238248.Google Scholar
Cingolani, I., Iapadre, L., & Tajoli, L. (2018). International production networks and the world trade structure. International Economics, 153, 1133.Google Scholar
Cingolani, I., Panzarasa, P., & Tajoli, L. (2017). Countries' positions in the international global value networks: Centrality and economic performance. Applied Network Science, 2 (21). DOI: 10.1007/s41109-017-0041-4.Google Scholar
Clark, R., & Beckfield, J. (2009). A new trichotomous measure of world-system position using the international trade network. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 50 (1), 538.Google Scholar
Crescenzi, R., Datu, K., & Iammarino, S. (2017). European cities and foreign investment networks. Scienze Regionali, 16 (2), 229260.Google Scholar
Davis, K. F., D'Odorico, P., Laio, F., & Ridolfi, L. (2013). Global spatio-temporal patterns in human migration: A complex network perspective. PLoS ONE, 8 (1), e53723. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053723Google Scholar
De Benedictis, L., Nenci, S., Santoni, G., Tajoli, L., & Vicarelli, C. (2014). Network analysis of world trade using the BACI-CEPII dataset. Global Economic Journal, 14 (3–4), 287343.Google Scholar
De Benedictis, L., & Tajoli, L. (2011). The world trade network. The World Economy, 34 (8), 14171454.Google Scholar
De Lombaerde, P., Guo, F., & Póvoa-Neto, H. (2014). South-South migrations: What is (still) on the research agenda? International Migration Review, 48 (1), 103112.Google Scholar
De Lombaerde, P., & Iapadre, P. L. (2008). The world is not flat. Implications for the construction of globalisation indicators. World Economics, 9 (4), 157177.Google Scholar
De Lombaerde, P., & Iapadre, P. L. (2011). Globalization indicators: Ways forward. In Erreygers, G., & Vermeire, M. (Eds.), Macroeconomics and beyond. Essays in honour of wim meeusen (pp. 159174). Antwerp: Garant.Google Scholar
De Masi, G., Giovannetti, G., & Ricchiuti, G. (2013). Network analysis to detect common strategies in Italian foreign direct investment. Physica A, 392, 12021214.Google Scholar
Deacon, B., De Lombaerde, P., Macovei, M. C., & Schröder, S. (2011). Globalisation and the emerging regional governance of labour rights. International Journal of Manpower, 32 (3), 334365.Google Scholar
Doyne Farmer, J., Gallegati, M., Hommes, C., Kirman, A., Ormerod, P., Cincotti, S., . . . Helbing, D. (2012). A complex systems approach to constructing better models for managing financial markets and the economy. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 214 (1), 325346.Google Scholar
Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalisation affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalisation. Thurgauer Wirtschaftsinstitut, TWI Research Paper (6).Google Scholar
Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring globalization: Gauging its consequences. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Duenas, M., & Fagiolo, G. (2013). Modeling the international-trade network: A gravity approach. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 8 (1), 155178.Google Scholar
Fagiolo, G. (2010). The international-trade network: Gravity equations and topological properties. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 5, 125.Google Scholar
Fagiolo, G., Reyes, J., & Schiavo, S. (2007). The evolution of the world trade web. LEM Working Paper (17).Google Scholar
Fagiolo, G., Reyes, J., & Schiavo, S. (2008). On the topological properties of the world trade web: A weighted network analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 387 (15), 38683873.Google Scholar
Figge, L., & Martens, P. (2014). Globalization continues. The maastricht globalization index revisited and updated. Globalizations, 11 (6), 875893.Google Scholar
Fortunato, S. (2010). Community detection in graphs. Physics Reports, 486 (3–5), 75174.Google Scholar
Furusawa, T., & Konishi, H. (2007). Free trade networks. Journal of International Economics, 72 (2), 310335.Google Scholar
Garlaschelli, D., & Loffredo, M. I. (2005). Structure and evolution of the world trade network. Physica A. Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 335 (1), 138144.Google Scholar
Gaulier, G., & Zignago, S. (2010). BACI international trade database at product-level. The 1994–2007 version. CEPII Research Center, Working Paper (2010–23).Google Scholar
Goyal, S., & Joshi, S. (2006). Bilateralism and free trade. International Economic Review, 47 (3), 749778.Google Scholar
Gwartney, J., & Lawson, R. (2006). Economic freedom of the world 2006 annual report. Vancouver: Fraser Institute.Google Scholar
Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., & Block, W. (1996). Economic freedom of the world 1975–1995. Vancouver: Fraser Institute.Google Scholar
Gygli, S., Haelg, F., & Sturm, J.-E. (2018). The KOF globalisation index – revisited. KOF Working Paper (439).Google Scholar
Haas, R. N. (2008). The age of nonpolarity – What will follow US dominance. Foreign Affairs, 87 (3), 4456.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Kahler, M., & Montgomery, A. H. (2009). Network analysis for international relations. International Organization, 63 (3), 559592.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, E. M., & Montgomery, A. (2006). Power positions. International organizations, social networks and conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50 (1), 327.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, E. M., & Montgomery, A. (2009). Globalization and the social power politics of international economic networks. In Kahler, M. (Ed.), Networked politics: Agency, networks and governance (pp. 2342). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, E. M., & Montgomery, A. (2010). Centrality in politics: How networks confer power. OpenSIUC, (9).Google Scholar
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations: Politics, economics and culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Herings, P. J. J., Mauleon, A., & Vannetelbosch, V. (2009). Farsightedly stable networks. Games and Economic Behavior, 67 (2), 526541.Google Scholar
Heshmati, A. (2006). Measurement of a multidimensional index of globalisation. Global Economy Journal, 6 (2), 128.Google Scholar
Hughes, M. M., Peterson, L., Harrison, J. A., & Paxton, P. (2009). Power and relation in the world polity: The INGO network country score, 1978–1998. Social Forces, 87 (4), 17111742.Google Scholar
Hummell, H. J., & Sodeur, W. (1987). Strukturbeschreibung von positionen in sozialen beziehungsnetzen. In Pappi, F. U. (Ed.), Techniken der empirischen sozialforschung. Band 1: Methoden der netzwerkanalyse (pp. 177202). München: Oldenbourg Verlag.Google Scholar
Iammarino, S. & McCann, P. (2013). Multinationals and economic geography. Location, technology and innovation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Ietto-Gillies, G. (2000). What role for multinationals in the new theories of trade and location? International Review of Applied Economics, 14 (4), 413426.Google Scholar
Ingram, P., Robinson, J., & Busch, M. L. (2005). The intergovernmental network of world trade: IGO connectedness, governance and embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 111 (3), 824858.Google Scholar
IOM (2004). Glossary on migration, IOM International Migration Law Series, vol. 1. Geneva: IOM.Google Scholar
Jackson, M., & Wolinsky, A. (1996). A strategic model of social and economic networks. Journal of Economic Theory, 71 (1), 4474.Google Scholar
Jacobs, L. M. & Van Rossem, R. (2014a). The BRIC phantom. A comparative analysis of the BRICs as a category of rising powers. Journal of Policy Modelling, 36 (S1), S47S66.Google Scholar
Jacobs, L. M. & Van Rossem, R. (2014b). Political prominence and the world-system: Can political globalization counter core hegemony?. In Wallerstein, I., Chase-Dunn, C., & Suter, C. (Eds.), Overcoming global inequalities, Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Jandhyala, S., Henisz, W. J., & Mansfield, E. D. (2011). Three waves of BITs: The global diffusion of foreign investment policy. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55 (6), 10471073.Google Scholar
Jayet, H., Ukrayinchuk, N. & De Arcangelis, G. (2010). The location of immigrants in Italy: disentangling networks and local effects. Annals of Economics and Statistics, 9798, 329350.Google Scholar
Joseph, A. C., Joseph, S. E., & Chen, G. (2014). Cross-border portfolio investment networks and indicators for financial crises. Scientific Reports, 4, 3991. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/srep0399.Google Scholar
Joyez, C. (2017). On the topological structure of multinationals network. Physica A, 473, 578588.Google Scholar
Kaluza, P., Kölsch, A., Gastner, M. T., & Blasius, B. (2010). The complex network of global cargo ship movements. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 7 (48), 10931103.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1998). Power and Interdependence in the Information Age. Foreign Affairs, 77 (5), 8194.Google Scholar
Kick, E. L., & Davis, B. L. (2001). World-system structure and change. American Behavioral Scientist, 44 (10), 15611578.Google Scholar
Kim, R. E. (2013). The emergent network structure of the multilateral environmental agreement system. Global Environmental Change, 23 (5), 980991.Google Scholar
Kluver, R., & Fu, W. (2004). The cultural globalization index. Foreign Policy. (http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2494).Google Scholar
KOF (2011). KOF index of globalization 2011. Economic crisis slows down globalization. KOF Press Release, 18 March (http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/static/pdf/press_release_2011_en.pdf).Google Scholar
Lake, J. (2017). Free trade agreements as dynamic farsighted networks. Economic Inquiry, 55 (1), 3150.Google Scholar
Lloyd, P., Mahutga, M. C. & De Leeuw, J. (2009). Looking back and forging ahead: Thirty years of social network research on the world-system. Journal of World-Systems Research, 15 (1), 4885.Google Scholar
Lockwood, B. (2001). How robust is the foreign policy/kearney index of globalisation?. University of Warwick, Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, CSGR Working Paper (79/01).Google Scholar
Lockwood, B. (2004). “How robust is the foreign policy/kearney globalisation index? The World Economy, 27 (4), 507523.Google Scholar
Lockwood, B., & Redoano, M. (2005). The CSGR globalisation index: An introductory guide. University of Warwick, CSGR Working Paper (155/04).Google Scholar
López-Claros, A., Porter, M., Sala-i-Martín, X., & Schwab, K. (Eds.) (2006). Global competitiveness report 2006–2007. London: Palgrave McMillan.Google Scholar
Mahutga, M. C. (2006). The persistence of structural inequality? A network analysis of international trade, 1965–2000. Social Forces, 84 (4), 18631889.Google Scholar
Mahutga, M. C., & Smith, D. A. (2011). Globalization, the structure of the world economy and economic development. Social Science Research, 40 (1), 257272.Google Scholar
Maier, G., & Vyborny, M. (2005). Internal Migration Between US States. A Social Network Analysis, SRE - Discussion Papers (2005/04), Institut für Regional- und Umweltwirtschaft, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna.Google Scholar
Manger, M. S., Pickup, M. A., & Snijders, T. A. B. (2012). A hierarchy of preferences: A longitudinal network analysis approach to PTA formation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56 (5), 853878.Google Scholar
Maoz, Z. (2011). Networks of nations: The evolution, structure and impact of international networks, 1816–2001. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maoz, Z., Kuperman, R. D., Terris, L. G., & Talmud, I. (2006). Structural equivalence and international conflict: A social network analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50 (5), 644689.Google Scholar
Marques, H. (2010). Migration creation and diversion in the European union: Is central and Eastern Europe a ‘natural’ member of the single market for labour? Journal of Common Market Studies, 48 (2), 265291.Google Scholar
Martens, P., Caselli, M., De Lombaerde, P., Figge, L., & Scholte, J. A. (2015). New directions in globalization indices. Globalizations, 12 (2), 217228.Google Scholar
Martens, P., & Raza, M. (2008). An Updated Maastricht Globalisation Index, Universiteit Maastricht, ICIS Working Paper (08020).Google Scholar
Martens, P., & Zywietz, D. (2004). Rethinking Globalisation. A Modified Globalisation Index, University College Maastricht, e-Readers, LS212.Google Scholar
Martens, P., & Zywietz, D. (2006). Rethinking globalization. A modified globalization index. Journal of International Development, 18 (3), 331350.Google Scholar
Mauleon, A., Song, H., & Vannetelbosch, V. (2010). Networks of free trade agreements among heterogeneous countries. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 12 (3), 471500.Google Scholar
Metulini, R., Riccaboni, M., Sgrignoli, P., & Zhu, Z. (2017). The indirect effects of FDI on trade: A network perspective. IMT Lucca EIC Working Paper Series (04/2017).Google Scholar
Morgenthau, H. J. (1960). Politics among nations. The struggle for power and peace, 3rd ed. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Munshi, K. (2003). Networks in the modern economy: Mexican migrants in the US labor market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (2), 549599.Google Scholar
Nemeth, R. J., & Smith, D. A. (1985). International trade and world-system structure: A multiple network analysis. Fernand Braudel Center Review, 8 (4), 517560.Google Scholar
OECD (2005). Measuring globalisation: OECD handbook on economic globalisation indicators. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Özden, Ç., Parsons, C. R., Schiff, M., & Walmsley, T. L. (2011). Where on earth is everybody? The evolution of global bilateral migration 1960–2000. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (5709).Google Scholar
Parsons, C. R., Skeldon, R., Walmsley, T. L., & Winters, L. A. (2007). Quantifying international migration: A database of bilateral migrant stocks. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (S4165).Google Scholar
Piccardi, C., & Tajoli, L. (2012). Existence and significance of communities in the World Trade Web, con C. Piccardi. Physical Review E, 85, 066119.Google Scholar
Piccardi, C., & Tajoli, L. (2015). Are preferential agreements significant for the world trade structure? A network community analysis. Kyklos, 68 (2), 220239.Google Scholar
Potrafke, N. (2014). The evidence on globalization. The World Economy, 38 (3), 509552.Google Scholar
Randolph, J. (2001). G-index: Globalisation measured. London: World Markets Research Center.Google Scholar
Rennen, W., & Martens, P. (2003). The globalisation timeline. Integrated Assessment, 4 (3), 137144.Google Scholar
Reyes, J., Wooster, R., & Shirrell, S. (2014). Regional trade agreements and the pattern of trade: A networks approach. The World Economy, 37 (8), 11281151.Google Scholar
Rozenas, A., Minhas, S., & Ahlquist, J. (2017). Modeling asymmetric relationships from symmetric networks. preprint, arXiv:1711.03838.Google Scholar
Rugman, A. M. (2005). The regional multinationals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rugman, A. M. (2008). Regional multinationals and the myth of globalization. In Cooper, A. F., Hughes, C. W., & De Lombaerde, P. (Eds.), Regionalisation and global governance. The taming of globalisation? (pp. 99117). Abingdon-New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (2004). A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies, 35 (1), 318.Google Scholar
Saban, D., Bonomo, F. & Stier-Moses, N. E. (2010). Analysis and models of bilateral investment treaties using a social networks approach. Physica A, 389 (17), 36613673.Google Scholar
Saggi, K., & Yildiz, H. M. (2010). Bilateralism, multilateralism, and the quest for global free trade. Journal of International Economics, 81 (1), 2637.Google Scholar
Saggi, K., & Yildiz, H. M. (2011). Bilateral trade agreements and the feasibility of multilateral free trade. Review of International Economics, 19 (2), 356373.Google Scholar
Scholte, J. A. (2002). What is globalisation? The definitional issue – again, university of warwick, centre for the study of globalisation and regionalisation. CSGR Working Paper (109/02).Google Scholar
Scholte, J. A. (2005). Globalization: A critical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Seaquist, J. W., Johansson, E. L., & Nicholas, K. A. (2014). Architecture of the global land acquisition system: Applying the tools of network science to identify key vulnerabilities. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (11), 114006.Google Scholar
Serrano, M. A., & Boguña, M. (2003). Topology of the world trade web. Physical Review E, 68 (1), 015101(R).Google Scholar
Serrano, M. A., Boguña, M., & Vespignani, A. (2007). Patterns of dominant flows in the world trade web. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 2 (2), 111124.Google Scholar
Smith, D. A., & White, D. R. (1992). Structure and dynamics of the global economy: Network analysis of international trade 1965–1980. Social Forces, 70 (4), 857893.Google Scholar
Snyder, D., & Kick, E. L. (1979). Structural position in the world system and economic growth, 1955–1970: A multiple-network analysis of transnational interactions. American Journal of Sociology, 84 (5), 10961126.Google Scholar
Song, D. M., Jiang, Z. Q., & Zhou, W. X. (2009). Statistical properties of world investment networks. Physica A, 388 (12), 24502460.Google Scholar
Subramanian, A., & Wei, S.-J. (2007). The WTO promotes trade, strongly but unevenly. Journal of International Economics, 72, 151175.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. J. (2004). World city network. A global urban analysis. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. J., Catalano, G., & Walker, D. R. F. (2002). Measurement of the world city network. Urban Studies, 39 (13), 23672376.Google Scholar
Turkina, E., Van Assche, A., & Kali, R. (2016). Structure and evolution of global cluster networks: Evidence from the aerospace industry. Journal of Economic Geography, 16 (6), 12111234.Google Scholar
UNDESA (2008). United Nations global migration database. New York: UN. http://esa.un.org/unmigration.Google Scholar
UNDESA (2013). Trends in international migrant stock: The 2013 revision – migrants by destination and origin. CD-ROM documentation. New York: UNDESA, (POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013/Origin).Google Scholar
UNDP (1998). Human development report. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
UNSD (1998). Recommendations on statistics of international migration – revision 1. New York: UN Statistics Division.Google Scholar
Valková, I. (2017). Centrality in the network of regional trade agreements: Effects on the strategies of the arctic claimant states. International Area Studies Review, 20 (2), 122143.Google Scholar
Van Rossem, R. (1996). The world-system paradigm as general theory of development: A cross-national test. American Sociological Review, 61 (3), 508527.Google Scholar
Vitali, S., & Battiston, S. (2011). Geography versus topology in the European ownership network. New Journal of Physics, 13 (6), 063021. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/6/063021.Google Scholar
Vitali, S., & Battiston, S. (2014). The community structure of the global corporate network. PLoS ONE, 9 (8), e104655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104655Google Scholar
Vitali, S., Glattfelder, J. B., & Battiston, S. (2011). The network of global corporate control. PLoS ONE, 6 (10), e25995. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025995Google Scholar
Vujakovic, P. (2010). How to measure globalisation? A new globalisation index (NGI). FIW Working Paper (46).Google Scholar
Wallerstein, I. M. (1974). The modern world-system. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Ward, M. D., Ahlquist, J., & Rozenas, A. (2013). Gravity's rainbow: A dynamic latent space model for the world trade network. Network Science, 1 (1), 95118.Google Scholar
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis. Methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, H. C., Boorman, S. A., & Breiger, R. L. (1976). Social structure from multiple networks. 1. Blockmodels of roles and positions. American Journal of Sociology, 81 (4), 730780.Google Scholar
Winship, C. and Mandel, M. (1983). Roles and positions: A critique and extension of the blockmodeling approach. Sociological Methodology, 14, 314344.Google Scholar
World Bank (2008). World development report 2009: Re-Shaping economic geography. Washington: The World Bank.Google Scholar
WTO (2011). The WTO and preferential trade agreements: From co-existence to coherence. World Trade Report, Geneva: World Trade Organization.Google Scholar
Zanfei, A. (2000). Transnational firms and the changing organisation of innovative activities. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24, 515542.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Cui, Z., & Zu, L. (2014). The evolution of free trade networks. Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 38, 7286.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Xue, L., & Zu, L. (2013). Farsighted free trade networks. International Journal of Game Theory, 42, 375398.Google Scholar
Zhang, S., Wang, L., Liu, Z., & Wang, X. (2016). Evolution of international trade and investment networks. Physica A, 462, 752763.Google Scholar
Zhou, M., & Park, C. (2012). The cohesion effect of structural equivalence on global bilateral trade, 1948–2000. International Sociology, 27 (4), 502523.Google Scholar
Zywietz, D. (2003). Measuring globalisation. Constructing a modified indicator. Maastricht: Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Maastricht University.Google Scholar