Twenty-five specimens of the hermit crab Calcinus tubularis were observed during SCUBA dives for fauna and flora assessment in the shallow rocky reefs of the southern coast of Portugal between 2003 and 2008. Of the specimens observed, only one specimen used a tube gallery, while the others occupied unidentified gastropod shells with strong bio-cover. Calcinus tubularis is here recorded from the mainland Portuguese coast for the first time. This is the first record of the species in European coastal waters outside the Mediterranean Sea (excluding the Atlantic Islands) and extends the known geographical distribution of the species further north in the north-eastern Atlantic.

Three specimens of the crangonid sand shrimp species Crangon uritai are reported from the muddy intertidal zone of Newport in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. The discovery of the species in the bay is the first record of the genus Crangon from Australian waters and the first report of the East Asian coastal species Crangon uritai from the southern hemisphere. Its status as an introduced species is suggested and the likely vector for introduction is discussed. A key to the identification of crangonid shrimp species from Port Phillip Bay is included.

The siboglinid tubeworm, Lamellibrachia sp. (Annelida: Vestimentifera) has recently been described and reported from various sites in the eastern basin and in a single site in the western basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Here we report a further record of Lamellibrachia sp. in the western Mediterranean, where these giant worms were sampled—by the grabbers of a working class ROV—from the shipwreck of the liner ‘Catania’, sunk in 1917 at 490 m depth off the coast of Cetraro (Calabria, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Twenty-seven entire tubes were collected ranging from 23 to 60 cm in length and from 0.6 to 13 mm in diameter. Clear annulations were present near the tube openings. Only two of the tubes contained specimens of Lamellibrachia, both lacking most of the posterior portion (including the opisthosoma); the obturaculum was 13 mm long in both specimens; three sheath lamellae and eight branchial lamellae occurred in one specimen, and six and 14 in the other. DNA analysis through COI sequencing suggests a close similarity with specimens collected in the eastern Mediterranean (GenBank EU046616) and belonging to a new species recently described. It needs still to be clarified which type of energy source the obligate symbiotic bacteria of these worms may use for nutrition, since no sulphur emissions can be documented on and around the shipwreck. The ‘Catania’ contained some wooden structures and was transporting cotton balls and oil seeds, so the symbiotic bacteria may rely on degradation of these materials. This record stresses the importance of shipwreck as a possible stepping stone habitat for the large scale dispersion of Vestimentifera.

Bollmannia boqueronensis is a tropical marine goby. Two specimens were captured at 25 m depth on the Alacranes Reef, Mexico, off the north-east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula (Gulf of Mexico) in August 2009. The present note extends the known distribution area of this species towards the west and constitutes the first record for Mexico.

The benthic succession was evaluated in the Inferior (0.6 to 1.4 m) and Superior (1.4 to 2.2 m) Eulittoral fringes of a rocky intertidal zone on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro after an experimental disturbance of all benthic organisms in December 2007. Eight removal and control quadrats were marked along eight vertical profiles in each fringe and sampled bimonthly by a photo-quadrat method. In the Inferior Eulittoral fringe, in both treatments, Ulva fasciata and Perna perna were initially predominant and replaced by Phragmatopoma lapidosa in the sixth month. In this successional period, the species presence prior to the disturbance effect reinforced the similarity of >75% between treatments. In the Superior Eulittoral fringe, Chthamalus spp. predominated throughout all the months and bare space represented up to 30%. In the removal treatment the substrate remained 75% empty until the sixth month, mainly occupied by Collisella subrugosa. The control and removal quadrats showed a high dissimilarity in all succession periods and suggest the permanence of an early succession stage, while in the Inferior Eulittoral fringe, with less stressful environmental conditions, the local benthic community showed a stability tendency on a time scale less than six months. Such information is essential for the understanding of the community structure and the recovery time in relation to a given disturbance and should be applied routinely on areas with potential disturbance events such as the studied one, which has several oil platforms.

The present knowledge of pinnipeds’ distribution is principally based on the location of breeding colonies. Several species of pinnipeds have shown the ability to undertake long travels to different and unusual locations, where they are frequently interpreted as vagrants. A total of seven species of pinnipeds are known to occur along the Brazilian coast: four belong to the family Otariidae and three to the family Phocidae. From 1954 to 2008 a total of 54 records of pinnipeds were reviewed for the coast of Rio de Janeiro State, ten of them were new records, representing 18.2% of the total. The most common species registered in the study area was Arctocephalus tropicalis (49.1%; N = 27) followed by Mirounga leonina (20%; N = 11). The other species recorded were Lobodon carcinophaga, Otaria flavescens, Arctocephalus australis and Hydrurga leptonyx. From 51 pinniped specimens with information on periods of occurrence, 76.5% (N = 39) were reported during winter, and the other 12 specimens were equally distributed over the three other seasons. Most sub-Antarctic fur seals (88%) and southern elephant seals (83%) were males. The majority of the species were classified as sexually immature. The seasonal pattern of the pinnipeds found on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State is related to the intensive northward flow of the Malvinas/Falkland Current during winter. In addition, the potential to swim long distances together with the lack of physical barriers in the marine environment could help the dispersion of the seals to distant regions far from their traditional breeding or feeding regions.

On 8 May 2010, a gray whale was sighted off the Israeli Mediterranean shore and twenty-two days later, the same individual was sighted in Spanish Mediterranean waters. Since gray whales were last recorded in the North Atlantic in the 1700s, these sightings prompted much speculation about this whale's population origin. Here, we consider three hypotheses for the origin of this individual: (1) it represents a vagrant individual from the larger extant population of gray whales found in the eastern North Pacific; (2) it represents a vagrant individual from the smaller extant population found in the western North Pacific; or (3) it represents an individual from the previously thought extinct North Atlantic population. We believe that the first is the most likely, based on current population sizes, on known summer distributions, on the extent of cetacean monitoring in the North Atlantic and on the results of a performed route analysis. While it is difficult to draw conclusions from such singular events, the occurrence of this individual in the Mediterranean coincides with a shrinking of Arctic Sea ice due to climate change and suggests that climate change may allow gray whales to re-colonize the North Atlantic as ice and temperature barriers to mixing between northern North Atlantic and North Pacific biomes are reduced. Such mixing, if it were to become widespread, would have implications for many aspects of the marine conservation and ecology of these two regions.

It is proposed herein that the juvenile parrotfish Scarus zelindae is a mimic of the barber goby Elacatinus figaro. Juvenile S. zelindae not only resemble E. figaro but also present changes in behaviour that helps establish the existence of a mimic–model system. When approached by divers juvenile S. zelindae remained stationary at the bottom adopting a site-attached behaviour similar to E. figaro. Because of S. zelindae's colour similarity and behaviour changes, we propose that juvenile S. zelindae may be acting as a mimic to the model E. figaro gaining advantage due to the low rate of predation upon cleaner fish.

Globally, introductions of non-indigenous species have caused dramatic economic and ecological damage. Most research on marine invasions has occurred in locations easily accessible by researchers, but much less is known about introductions to remote islands. In the central Pacific, Palmyra Atoll represents one of the last remaining quasi-pristine reef systems left in the world. In the 1940s the Atoll underwent extensive military modifications, potentially making it susceptible to invasive species. Here we describe the presence of five non-indigenous invertebrate and algal introductions at Palmyra, including two sponges, Haliclona (Sigmadocia) caerulea and Gelliodes fibrosa; one bryozoan; Zoobotryon verticillatum; one hydroid, Pennaria disticha and one macroalga, Acanthophora spicifera. The Hawaiian Archipelago is the most likely source of the introductions via shipping or yachting activity to the Atoll. Currently, the impacts of these introductions remain unknown although future monitoring will assess the influence of these non-indigenous species on this remote reef system.

In the present paper a specimen of the blue runner Caranx crysos, a thermophilic species commonly found in subtropical Atlantic waters, was newly reported from the Mar del Plata coast. The presence of the blue runner in Argentine waters could be explained by the warm drift theory.

Damiria toxifera has been recorded for the first time in the Andaman Sea region. It has not been found elsewhere since its discovery and description from the Seychelles. The distinguishing features of this species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are depicted in detail.

Three snake eels (Ophichthidae) were found in three common pandoras (Pagellus erythrinus) from the north-western Mediterranean: two in the stomach and one embedded in the body cavity. This incidence corroborates previous records of snake eels found within fish. The role of the eels as possible prey, parasites or pseudoparasites is briefly discussed.

A mesopelagic scaled squid, Pholidoteuthis massyae, was found for the first time in the south-west Atlantic, and an epi-mesobathyal octopus, Muusoctopus eureka, was found in shallow waters of the Falkland Islands almost a century after its last record there. These new records are tentatively attributed to recent climatic changes in oceanic waters of the southern hemisphere. Deimatic behaviour was recorded for the first time in an inkless octopus.

I present the first documented record of a dead gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) discovered at Playas Negras, La Union on the Pacific coast of El Salvador, Central America, on 21 July 2010. The stranded specimen also represents the southernmost record of this species anywhere. No necropsy was performed thus the cause of death is unknown.

The Titan cardinalfish, Holapogon maximus, previously known only from Oman, is reported from the south-western coast of India (Kerala coast). The specimen is described and figured.

A new opisthobranch gastropod is reported from the Azores resulting from fieldwork undertaken in the island of São Miguel (Western Group, Azores) during October–November 2009 and March–April 2010. Intertidal and subtidal areas down to 25 m deep were sampled. Thirteen species were collected one of which, Crimora papillata is recorded for the first time in the Azores, increasing the number of opisthobranchs in these islands to 142 (108 littoral species and 34 deep-water species).

During July of 2007, a monitoring survey was conducted in a tuna farm off the south-east coast of Spain, aiming at assessing the potential impact of the facility on the bottom communities. To achieve this, several stations were selected around and below the cages and benthic samples were extracted by means of a Van Veen grab; the collected fauna was preserved and identified. As a part of the obtained material, some polychaete individuals were identified as belonging to a species never before recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, Fauveliopsis glabra. The interest of this record is twofold. First, it greatly extends the known geographical range of the species. Second, it represents the first record of the species from coastal rhodolith beds (40 m depth), whereas most of the remainder of the records were from much finer sediments and from greater depths (135–5000 m depth).

The species diversity of pontoniine shrimps (Decapoda: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae) previously recorded in the vicinity of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, were compared with new records obtained during a recent three-week expedition as part of the CReefs Project, a field project of the Census of Marine Life. Few previous investigations at this location had discovered 18 species of pontoniine shrimps distributed among 12 genera. In contrast, relatively little effort, approximately 35 hours sampling (40 dives), was required to increase this list more than twice adding 20 new species records from 15 pontoniine genera for the locality including 6 species and 1 genus reported from Australian waters for the first time and 1 genus and 4 species new to science. This large increase in species was enumerated with little additional effort and the relatively low total species diversity of these shrimps known from this location compared to species known from the southern GBR (e.g. Heron Island), where overall diversity is expected to be less, strongly indicates that the enumeration of these shrimps from the northern GBR is far from complete.

Specimens of the clam Panopea globosa were collected in the Gulf of California, Mexico in 2009. Tiny crabs were found living inside the clam, being Pinnaxodes gigas. Since both the description and the scarce subsequent reports of P. gigas were performed only from single free-living specimens, this is the first record of P. gigas associated as a symbiont of any host. This is also the first record of any geoduck clams as host of commensal crustaceans, and the second record of a pea crab of the genus Pinnaxodes encountered infesting bivalves in the Pacific.