The new fungus Cercidospora alpina is described from Sweden where it grows on the thallus of the crustose lichen Stereocaulon cumulatum. The ecology and distribution of the new species as well as its morphological similarities to related species are discussed. A key to the known species of Cercidospora occurring in Fennoscandia is provided.

Phylloblastia inexpectata Sérus., Coppins & Lücking is a newly described foliicolous lichen, known from England, Scotland, Southern Italy and Madeira. It is distinguished from similar and related species by the absence of isidia and the smaller size of its ascospores. Phylloblastia pocsii is reported from Papua New Guinea for the first time.

The new species, Mycocalicium llimonae, is described based on specimens collected from cones of Pinus halepensis in the west of the Iberian Peninsula. The new taxon is compared with the other species of the genus Mycocalicium in the Iberian Peninsula, particularly Mycocalicium subtile, and also with other genera in the Mycocaliciaceae.

The first sorediate species in the genus Llimonaea, L. sorediata is described from coastal areas of western Europe. This new species is easily mistaken for Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata with which it often co-occurs. It grows on vertical or overhanging acidic cliffs. Fertile specimens were recently collected in Portugal. A description of the species together with notes on distribution, ecology and chemistry are provided and a key to the species of Llimonaea is also provided.

The morphological features and chemical compounds found in the first European collection of Calicium victorianum are compared with type material from Australia of C. piperatum F. Wilson. The phylogenetic relationships of the species are discussed by comparing its nuclear rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 with that of other species of Calicium.

A new species, Lecania belgica, is described and illustrated. It is a saxicolous lichen known only from the type locality in Belgium. It is characterized by apothecia with pruinose, irregularly undulating discs, relatively short ascospores, and by having 12–16 spores in the asci. It was found on mortar together with Diplotomma alboatrum.

Caloplaca tropica Y. Joshi & Upreti, is described as new to science and belongs to the Sideritis group in the lichen genus Caloplaca. Caloplaca hueana (section Cocciniodiscus), C. squamosa (Squamosa group) and C. pollinii are reported for the first time from India.

Enterographa brezhonega, a fourth lichenicolous species in the genus is described. The species has been collected in an ancient woodland in western France growing on Porina rosei and probably other crustose lichens with a Trentepohlia photobiont. It shows affinities with the similar Enterographa epiphylla, but has an even number of septa and short-lirelliform ascomata.

The new species Lichenostigma svandae is described. It is known exclusively from Acarospora cervina, where it forms black stromatic hyphal strands and black sack-shaped ascomata on the host thallus surface. It is similar to L. elongatum and L. rouxii, but differs in a few characters. A short overview of the known Lichenostigma species is provided.

Caloplaca fuscorufa H. Magn. is a poorly known species that for a long time was known only from a single locality in Jämtland, northern Sweden, where it was collected in 1910. It has been suggested to be synonymous with C. crenularia (With.) J. R. Laundon, but has also been confused with C. exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. We have compared the isotype of C. fuscorufa and material collected in Sweden, Norway and Svalbard, with presumably related species, using morphology, anatomy and chemistry as well as molecular data. The results show that C. fuscorufa is a distinct species, differing from C. crenularia mainly in its somewhat larger spores with wider septa, different colour of the apothecia and a more northern distribution. It differs from C. exsecuta mainly in its chemistry and smaller spores with smaller septa. Caloplaca crenularia is shown to have a more southern distribution in Sweden than previously understood. Chemical data and a molecular analysis based on ITS data show that C. fuscorufa is related to C. crenularia and C. ammiospila, but clearly separated from these species.

Aspicilia uxoris is proposed as a new combination for a species known from Algeria, Morocco and Spain. It grows on bark and lignum of Cedrus atlantica, Juniperus spp. and Pinus halepensis in the western Mediterranean Region. It is characterized by spore and conidia sizes, granular epihymenium on the surface of paraphyses and a typical apothecial structure and development. The ecology and distribution of the species and a comparison with other epiphytic taxa of the genus are discussed. Notes on the identity of Aspicilia lignicola are provided. Lectotypes for Aspicilia cinerea var. vulgaris f. lignicola, Lecanora lignicola and Lecanora uxoris are designated.

A new species, Caloplaca lenae Søchting & Figueras is described. It is a saxicolous lichen from a very dry and warm region of Central Asia, characterized by a thick occasionally effigurate thallus, with well-developed, labriform soralia, and conspicuous dark pycnidia. The apothecia are only present in some localities, and the spore form is very variable. Apart from anthraquinones it contains the depsidones, caloploicin, vicanicin and isofulgidin that have been recorded from few other species of Caloplaca, Fulgensia and Teloschistes. The taxonomic significance of the presence of depsidones is discussed in relation to a phylogenetic tree inferred from ITS data of nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Loxospora lecanoriformis Lumbsch, A. W. Archer & Elix is described from deeply shaded trunks of Doryphora sassafras Endl. in temperate rainforest in north-eastern New South Wales. This species is characterized by large, lecanorine apothecia, mostly unbranched paraphyses, non-amyloid asci and large, thin-walled, simple, ellipsoid ascospores. Molecular data has established that this taxon is related to Loxospora ochrophaea (Tuck.) R. C. Harris.

The generic name Gemmaspora gen. nov. is introduced for the lichenicolous fungus originally described as Adelococcus lecanorae, a species previously known only from the type collection made in Syria in 1934, but which has now been recollected twice in Turkey. It is distinguished by perithecia that have a double wall layer in which the outer is hyaline and the inner brown, and by brown ascospores with two thick wall layers and an inner delicate distoseptum. A full description and illustrations are provided based mainly on the modern collections one of which is designated as an epitype for the name as no perithecia could now be found on the holotype. The genus is referred to Verrucariales on the basis of the structure of the ascomata and asci, and the new combination Gemmaspora lecanorae comb. nov. made. The holotype also supports Lichenostigma elongata and Muellerella lichenicola which may be the first reports of those two species from Syria.

The occurrence of 12 Usnea species in Estonia is verified by investigating c. 1800 specimens. The known distribution and substratum preferences of Usnea taxa in Estonia are summarized. Picea is the main substratum for Usnea species in Estonia, but occasionally these species occur also on deciduous trees, wood, and exceptionally on rock. A key for identification of 16 taxa recorded in the three Baltic countries is provided and diagnostic morphological and chemical characters used in the key are discussed. A new chemotype of U. fulvoreagens has been identified. U. wasmuthii is reported as new to Lithuania.

%Thelidium rimosulum sp. nov. is described from limestone in an industrialized area near Piechcin, north-central Poland (Kujawy). The species is mainly characterized by the small, bicellular ascospores, a well-developed involucrellum and a thin, often isidiate or sorediate, thallus.

Lepraria granulata Slavíková, a new species from Eastern and Central Europe, is described. According to its morphology, ITS sequence and ecology, it belongs to the L. neglecta core group. Lepraria granulata is characterized by producing atranorin and two, so far unidentified, fatty acids (‘granulata unknown 1 & 2’) and phylogenetic analyses show that it is clearly distinguished from previously known species. Two additional taxa, provisionally named Lepraria sp. G and Lepraria sp. BG, are also discussed. According to their morphology and ITS sequences, they also belong to the L. neglecta group. Lepraria sp. G is sister to L. granulata whereas Lepraria sp. BG is basal and well separated from all taxa so far known in the group. Their taxonomic status is not yet entirely clear.

Detailed studies on the lichen genus Porina in Macaronesia have led to a reappraisal of the genuine identity of Porina atlantica (Erichsen) P. M. Jørg., a characteristic species that has previously been confused with P. guaranitica, P. heterospora, P. nucula, P. mastoidea or P. rhodostoma in the literature, and is here reported from Madeira, the Canary Islands, Ireland, France and Portugal. Two new species are described: P. effilata Brand & Sérus. sp. nov. (known from Madeira, the Canary Islands, Great Britain, Ireland and Portugal) and P. ocoteae Brand & Sérus. sp. nov. (restricted to La Palma, Canary Islands, and São Jorge in the Azores). Porina leptospora Nyl. is recognized at the species level, and P. isidiata Kalb & Hafellner is reduced into synonymy with P. atlantica. A key to all known species of Porina in Macaronesia is provided.

Two species of lichenicolous fungi discovered in Turkey are described as new to science: Lichenostigma triseptata sp. nov. (on Aspicilia caesiocinerea) and Stigmidium johnii sp. nov. (on Caloplaca sp.). In addition, S. caloplacae is considered to be a synonym of S. cerinae.

Two new lichenicolous ascomycetes, Corticifraga santessonii and C. chugachiana, are described from Lobaria and Nephroma species. The new species are readily distinguished by narrow ascospores and are known from the USA, Canada and Russia. A Table with the distinguishing characteristics of all known Corticifraga species is presented.