Soit $G$ le groupe des points définis sur un corps $p$-adique d’un groupe réductif connexe. On définit l’espace des fonctions de Schwartz-Harish-Chandra sur $G$: ce sont des fonctions sur $G$, à valeurs complexes, qui vérifient des conditions de croissance et de lissité. La formule de Plancherel exprime les valeurs d’une telle fonction $f$ en termes des opérateurs $\pi(f)$, où $\pi$ parcourt l’ensemble des classes de représentations lisses irréductibles et tempérées de $G$. On démontre cette formule, ainsi que quelques résultats utiles d’analyse harmonique: l’existence du prolongement rationnel d’un opérateur d’entrelacement, la finitude (si $G$ est semi-simple) de l’ensemble des classes de représentations lisses irréductibles de carré intégrable de $G$ possédant un $K$-type donné. Tous ces résultats sont dus à Harish-Chandra, qui les a démontrés dans un manuscrit non publié. Le présent article est une rédaction de ce manuscrit.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 22E35; 22E50

Wir entwickeln eine Strategie zum Beweis der Positivität der Koeffizienten von Kazhdan-Lusztig-Polynomen für beliebige Coxeter-Gruppen.

We develop a strategy to prove the positivity of coefficients of Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials for arbitrary Coxeter groups.

When does the amount of torsion in the homology of an arithmetic group grow exponentially with the covolume? We give many examples where this is the case, and conjecture precise conditions.

An initial boundary-value problem for the modified Korteweg–de Vries equation on the half-line, $0<x<\infty$, $t>0$, is analysed by expressing the solution $q(x,t)$ in terms of the solution of a matrix Riemann–Hilbert (RH) problem in the complex $k$-plane. This RH problem has explicit $(x,t)$ dependence and it involves certain functions of $k$ referred to as the spectral functions. Some of these functions are defined in terms of the initial condition $q(x,0)=q_0(x)$, while the remaining spectral functions are defined in terms of the boundary values $q(0,t)=g_0(t)$, $q_x(0,t)=g_1(t)$, and $q_{xx}(0,t)=g_2(t)$. The spectral functions satisfy an algebraic global relation which characterizes, say, $g_2(t)$ in terms of $\{q_0(x),g_0(t),g_1(t)\}$. It is shown that for a particular class of boundary conditions, the linearizable boundary conditions, all the spectral functions can be computed from the given initial data by using algebraic manipulations of the global relation; thus, in this case, the problem on the half-line can be solved as efficiently as the problem on the whole line.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 37K15; 35Q53. Secondary 35Q15; 34A55

In this short note we present a result of Perelman with detailed proof. The result states that if $g(t)$ is the Kähler Ricci flow on a compact, Kähler manifold $M$ with $c_1(M)>0$, the scalar curvature and diameter of $(M,g(t))$ stay uniformly bounded along the flow, for $t\in[0,\infty)$. We learned about this result and its proof from Grigori Perelman when he was visiting MIT in the spring of 2003. This may be helpful to people studying the Kähler Ricci flow.

A diffeomorphism $f$ has a heterodimensional cycle if there are (transitive) hyperbolic sets $\varLambda$ and $\varSigma$ having different indices (dimension of the unstable bundle) such that the unstable manifold of $\varLambda$ meets the stable one of $\varSigma$ and vice versa. This cycle has co-index $1$ if $\mathop{\mathrm{index}}(\varLambda)=\mathop{\mathrm{index}}(\varSigma)\pm1$. This cycle is robust if, for every $g$ close to $f$, the continuations of $\varLambda$ and $\varSigma$ for $g$ have a heterodimensional cycle.

We prove that any co-index $1$ heterodimensional cycle associated with a pair of hyperbolic saddles generates $C^1$-robust heterodimensioal cycles. Therefore, in dimension three, every heterodimensional cycle generates robust cycles.

We also derive some consequences from this result for $C^1$-generic dynamics (in any dimension). Two of such consequences are the following. For tame diffeomorphisms (generic diffeomorphisms with finitely many chain recurrence classes) there is the following dichotomy: either the system is hyperbolic or it has a robust heterodimensional cycle. Moreover, any chain recurrence class containing saddles having different indices has a robust cycle.

The theory of generalized elliptic curves gives a moduli-theoretic compactification for modular curves when the level is a unit on the base, and the theory of Drinfeld structures on elliptic curves provides moduli schemes over the integers without a modular interpretation of the cusps. To unify these viewpoints it is natural to consider Drinfeld structures on generalized elliptic curves, but some of these resulting moduli problems have non-étale automorphism groups and so cannot be Deligne–Mumford stacks. Artin’s method as used in the work of Deligne and Rapoport rests on a technique of passage to irreducible fibers (where the geometry determines the group theory), and this does not work in the presence of non-étale level structures and non-étale automorphism groups. By making more efficient use of the group theory to bypass these difficulties, we prove that the standard moduli problems for Drinfeld structures on generalized elliptic curves are proper Artin stacks. We also analyze the local structure on these stacks and give some applications to Hecke correspondences.

We prove new automorphy lifting theorems for essentially conjugate self-dual Galois representations into GLn. Existing theorems require that the residual representation have ‘big’ image, in a certain technical sense. Our theorems are based on a strengthening of the Taylor–Wiles method which allows one to weaken this hypothesis.

We analyse the non-commutative space underlying the quantum group $\textrm{SU}_q(2)$ from the spectral point of view, which is the basis of non-commutative geometry, and show how the general theory developed in our joint work with Moscovici applies to the specific spectral triple defined by Chakraborty and Pal. This provides the pseudo-differential calculus, the Wodzciki-type residue, and the local cyclic co-cycle giving the index formula. The co-chain whose co-boundary is the difference between the original Chern character and the local one is given by the remainders in the rational approximation of the logarithmic derivative of the Dedekind eta function. This specific example allows us to illustrate the general notion of locality in non-commutative geometry. The formulae computing the residue are ‘local’. Locality by stripping all the expressions from irrelevant details makes them computable. The key feature of this spectral triple is its equivariance, i.e. the $\textrm{SU}_q(2)$-symmetry. We shall explain how this naturally leads to the general concept of invariant cyclic cohomology in the framework of quantum group symmetries.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 81R50; 19K33; 46L; 58B34

We show that if an automorphism of a non-abelian free group $F_n$ is irreducible with irreducible powers, it acts on the boundary of Culler–Vogtmann’s outer space with north–south dynamics: there are two fixed points, one attracting and one repelling, and orbits accumulate only on these points. The main new tool we use is the equivariant assignment of a point $Q(X)$ to any end $X\in\partial F_n$, given an action of $F_n$ on an $\bm{R}$-tree $T$ with trivial arc stabilizers; this point $Q(X)$ may be in $T$, or in its metric completion, or in its boundary.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20F65; 20E05; 20E08

Cet article est le résultat d'une relecture de la démonstration de la conjecture {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(\kern.175em}faiblement admissible implique admissible{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont\kern.175em)\kern-0.20em)} par J.-M. Fontaine et l'auteur. On donne une version renforcée de l'un des ingrédients (le {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(\kern.175em}lemme fondamental{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont\kern.175em)\kern-0.20em)}) de cette démonstration, ce qui nous amène à introduire un corps non commutatif gigantesque $\mathfrak{C}$, de centre $\textbf{Q}_p$ et contenant un corps $C$ algébriquement clos et complet pour la norme $p$-adique comme sous-corps commutatif maximal. Un peu {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(\kern.175em}d'algèbre linéaire{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont\kern.175em)\kern-0.20em)} sur ce corps mène à l'introduction de la catégorie des Espaces (avec un E majuscule) de Banach de dimension finie, et la conjecture {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(\kern.175em}faiblement admissible implique admissible{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont\kern.175em)\kern-0.20em)} se réduit alors à un calcul de dimensions d'objets de cette catégorie.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 11S

An affine Hecke algebra $\mathcal{H}$ contains a large abelian subalgebra $\mathcal{A}$ spanned by the Bernstein–Zelevinski–Lusztig basis elements $\theta_x$, where $x$ runs over (an extension of) the root lattice. The centre $\mathcal{Z}$ of $\mathcal{H}$ is the subalgebra of Weyl group invariant elements in $\mathcal{A}$. The natural trace (‘evaluation at the identity’) of the affine Hecke algebra can be written as integral of a certain rational $n$-form (with values in the linear dual of $\mathcal{H}$) over a cycle in the algebraic torus $T=\textrm{Spec}(\mathcal{A})$. This cycle is homologous to a union of ‘local cycles’. We show that this gives rise to a decomposition of the trace as an integral of positive local traces against an explicit probability measure on the spectrum $W_0\setminus T$ of $\mathcal{Z}$. From this result we derive the Plancherel formula of the affine Hecke algebra.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20C08; 22D25; 22E35; 43A32

Nous conjecturons que la réduction modulo $p$ des représentations cristallines irréductibles de dimension 2 sur $\bar{\bm{Q}}_p$ de $\Gal(\bar{\bm{Q}}_p/\bm{Q}_p)$ peut être prédite par la réduction modulo $p$ de représentations $p$-adiques localement algébriques de $\GL_2(\bm{Q}_p)$. Nous explicitons quelques calculs de telles réductions confirmant cette conjecture. Cela suggère un lien arithmétique non trivial entre les deux types de représentations.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 11F33; 11F70; 11F80; 11F85

We study systems of $n$ points in the Euclidean space of dimension $d\geqslant 1$ interacting via a Riesz kernel $|x|^{-s}$ and confined by an external potential, in the regime where $d-2\leqslant s<d$. We also treat the case of logarithmic interactions in dimensions 1 and 2. Our study includes and retrieves all cases previously studied in Sandier and Serfaty [2D Coulomb gases and the renormalized energy, Ann. Probab. (to appear); 1D log gases and the renormalized energy: crystallization at vanishing temperature (2013)] and Rougerie and Serfaty [Higher dimensional Coulomb gases and renormalized energy functionals, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. (to appear)]. Our approach is based on the Caffarelli–Silvestre extension formula, which allows one to view the Riesz kernel as the kernel of an (inhomogeneous) local operator in the extended space $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$.

As $n\rightarrow \infty$, we exhibit a next to leading order term in $n^{1+s/d}$ in the asymptotic expansion of the total energy of the system, where the constant term in factor of $n^{1+s/d}$ depends on the microscopic arrangement of the points and is expressed in terms of a ‘renormalized energy’. This new object is expected to penalize the disorder of an infinite set of points in whole space, and to be minimized by Bravais lattice (or crystalline) configurations. We give applications to the statistical mechanics in the case where temperature is added to the system, and identify an expected ‘crystallization regime’. We also obtain a result of separation of the points for minimizers of the energy.

Let $p\gt 2$ be prime. We state and prove (under mild hypotheses on the residual representation) a geometric refinement of the Breuil–Mézard conjecture for two-dimensional mod $p$ representations of the absolute Galois group of ${ \mathbb{Q} }_{p} $. We also state a conjectural generalization to $n$-dimensional representations of the absolute Galois group of an arbitrary finite extension of ${ \mathbb{Q} }_{p} $, and give a conditional proof of this conjecture, subject to a certain $R= \mathbb{T} $-type theorem together with a strong version of the weight part of Serre’s conjecture for rank $n$ unitary groups. We deduce an unconditional result in the case of two-dimensional potentially Barsotti–Tate representations.

It is still an open question whether a compact embedded hypersurface in the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ with constant mean curvature and spherical boundary is necessarily a hyperplanar ball or a spherical cap, even in the simplest case of surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^3$. In a recent paper, Alías and Malacarne (Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana18 (2002), 431–442) have shown that this is true for the case of hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ with constant scalar curvature, and more generally, hypersurfaces with constant higher-order $r$-mean curvature, when $r\geq2$. In this paper we deal with some aspects of the classical problem above, by considering it in a more general context. Specifically, our starting general ambient space is an orientable Riemannian manifold $\bar{M}$, where we will consider a general geometric configuration consisting of an immersed hypersurface into $\bar{M}$ with boundary on an oriented hypersurface $P$ of $\bar{M}$. For such a geometric configuration, we study the relationship between the geometry of the hypersurface along its boundary and the geometry of its boundary as a hypersurface of $P$, as well as the geometry of $P$ as a hypersurface of $\bar{M}$. Our approach allows us to derive, among others, interesting results for the case where the ambient space has constant curvature (the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$, the hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^{n+1}$, and the sphere $\mathbb{S}^{n+1}$). In particular, we are able to extend the symmetry results given in the recent paper mentioned above to the case of hypersurfaces with constant higher-order $r$-mean curvature in the hyperbolic space and in the sphere.

We show that, under a condition called minimality, if the Stokes matrix of a connection with a pole of order two and no ramification gives rise, when added to its adjoint, to a positive semidefinite Hermitian form, then the associated integrable twistor structure (or TERP structure, or noncommutative Hodge structure) is pure and polarized.

Le présent texte, suite de l'article paru en 2004 aux Annales de l'Institut Fourier, définit et établit les propriétés de base des orbifoldes géométriques, essentielles pour la compréhension de la structure birationnelle des variétés projectives ou Kählériennes compactes, et qui permettent d'en donner une vue synthétique globale très simple. Les démonstrations données reposent cependant sur les techniques usuelles de la géométrie algébrique/analytique. De nombreuses questions ou conjectures sont également formulées à leur sujet.

Bien que les orbifoldes géométriques ne soient autres que les paires (X|Δ) du LMMP (avec éX compacte et Kähler), leur origine et leurs motivations initiales sont entièrement différentes : le diviseur orbifolde Δ, analogue à un diviseur de ramification, encode les fibres multiples d'une fibration de base X, et (X|Δ) apparait comme un revêtement de X qui ramifie exactement (multiplicités comprises) au-dessus de Δ, et élimine les fibres multiples en codimension 1, par changement de base virtuel. Cette origine géométrique permet de munir naturellement les orbifoldes géométriques des invariants usuels des variétés : morphismes et applications biméromorphes, formes différentielles, groupe fondamental et revêtement universel, pseudométrique de Kobayashi, corps de définition et points rationnels. On s'attend à ce que leur géométrie qualitative soit la même que celle des variétés ayant des invariants similaires. Les plus élémentaires de ces propriétés géométriques sont établies ici, par adaptation directe des arguments utilisés pour les variétés

Les fibrations possédent, dans la catégorie biméromorphe des orbifoldes géométriques, des propriétés d'extension (ou « d'additivité ») non satisfaites dans la catégorie des variétés sans structure orbifolde, ce qui permet d'exprimer certains invariants de l'espace total comme extension (ou « somme ») de ceux de la fibre générale orbifolde, et de la base orbifolde. Par exemple, la suite des groupes fondamentaux est toujours exacte dans la catégorie orbifolde. De même, l'espace total d'une fibration est spéciale (voir ci-dessous) si la fibre orbifolde générique et la base orbifode le sont. En fait, les orbifoldes géométriques ont été initialement introduites précisément pour remédier à ce défaut d'additivité.

Une conséquence naturelle de ces constructions est l'introduction d'une classe nouvelle : les orbifoldes géométriques spéciales, qui sont celles qui ne dominent méromorphiquement aucune orbifolde géométrique de type général et de dimension positive. Ces orbifoldes spéciales sont exactement celles qui sont (canoniquement) décomposées (conditionnellement en une variante orbifolde de la conjecture Cn,m) en tours de fibrations ayant des fibres telles que, ou bien κ = 0, ou bien κ+ = −∞. Ces dernières sont celles ne dominant pas d'orbifolde de dimension strictement positive et telle que κ ≥ 0. Conjecturalement, ce sont celles qui sont rationnellement connexes dans la catégorie orbifolde. La connexité rationnelle est définie de la façon habituelle, une fois les courbes rationnelles orbifoldes définies.

Cette décomposition permet de relever aux orbifoldes spéciales certaines propriétés connues ou conjecturées pour les orbifoldes telles que κ+ = −∞ ou κ = 0, et elle conduit à conjecturer, entre autres, que le fait d'être spéciale est la caractérisation exacte de certaines propriétés importantes (telles que la densité potentielle ou l'annulation de la pseudométrique de Kobayashi). Elles jouent conjecturalement un rôle central dans d'autres problèmes, tels que les espaces de paramètre des familles de variétés canoniquement polarisées.

Enfin, nous construisons, sur toute orbifolde géométrique (X|Δ), une unique fibration caractérisée par le fait que ses fibres orbifoldes sont spéciales, et sa base orbifolde de type général. Cette fibration scinde donc l'orbifolde en ses parties antithétiques: spéciale (les fibres) et de type général (la base) au niveau géométrique, mais aussi conjecturalement aux niveaux arithmétique et hyperbolique.

De nombreux problèmes essentiels relatifs à l'équivalence biméromorphe dans cette catégorie orbifolde restent néammoins ouverts (en particulier, leur extension aux orbifoldes Log-terminales ou Log-canoniques).

On trouvera dans l'article à paraitre dans les proceedings de la conférence de Schiermonnikoog une version abrégée en anglais du présent texte, ainsi que des compléments sur les relations avec le LMMP.

We develop a theory of abstract arithmetic Chow rings, where the role of the fibres at infinity is played by a complex of abelian groups that computes a suitable cohomology theory. As particular cases of this formalism we recover the original arithmetic intersection theory of Gillet and Soulé for projective varieties. We introduce a theory of arithmetic Chow groups, which are covariant with respect to arbitrary proper morphisms, and we develop a theory of arithmetic Chow rings using a complex of differential forms with log-log singularities along a fixed normal crossing divisor. This last theory is suitable for the study of automorphic line bundles. In particular, we generalize the classical Faltings height with respect to logarithmically singular hermitian line bundles to higher dimensional cycles. As an application we compute the Faltings height of Hecke correspondences on a product of modular curves.

The moduli space of canonical divisors (with prescribed zeros and poles) on nonsingular curves is not compact since the curve may degenerate. We define a proper moduli space of twisted canonical divisors in $\overline{{\mathcal{M}}}_{g,n}$ which includes the space of canonical divisors as an open subset. The theory leads to geometric/combinatorial constraints on the closures of the moduli spaces of canonical divisors.

In case the differentials have at least one pole (the strictly meromorphic case), the moduli spaces of twisted canonical divisors on genus $g$ curves are of pure codimension $g$ in $\overline{{\mathcal{M}}}_{g,n}$. In addition to the closure of the canonical divisors on nonsingular curves, the moduli spaces have virtual components. In the Appendix A, a complete proposal relating the sum of the fundamental classes of all components (with intrinsic multiplicities) to a formula of Pixton is proposed. The result is a precise and explicit conjecture in the tautological ring for the weighted fundamental class of the moduli spaces of twisted canonical divisors.

As a consequence of the conjecture, the classes of the closures of the moduli spaces of canonical divisors on nonsingular curves are determined (both in the holomorphic and meromorphic cases).