It is difficult to give this lecture as a whole, for it is in two halves, the first dealing with normal experimental psychology, the second with psycho-pathology. I have seen few writings which bridge the gap between these two aspects of imagery. It is because this gulf may be spanned in the future that I chose visual imagery as a subject related to the interests of this Association.

The subject of artificial heliotherapy is at present attracting much attention in both scientific and lay worlds. The Board of Control report for 1925 states that there were only five installations in mental hospitals at that time, but doubtless there are more now. I venture therefore to place before you some notes on ultra-violet therapy in the hope that they may be of interest to those thinking of taking up this line of work; and that by their criticisms and observations I may learn from those who have already done so.

For the treatment of general paralysis of the insane by induced malaria, the Board of Control, in consultation with the Ministry of Health, decided, at the end of 1924, to make an official arrange ment by which a pure strain of the benign tertian malaria parasite would be cultivated in mosquitoes, and would be made available for inoculation by mosquito-bites instead of by the direct inocula tion of blood from other patients. In consultation with the Mental Hospitals Department of the London County Council, the Horton Mental Hospital was selected for the work of pre paring and maintaining the strain of malaria in mosquitpes, and Col. J. R. Lord, C.B.E., Medical Superintendent of the Hospital, undertook the necessary arrangements in collaboration with Col. S. P. James, of the Medical Staff of the Ministry of Health. An isolated villa in the hospital grounds was selected as a treatment-block and laboratory; the Horton Mental Hospital authorities caused it to be mosquito-proofed and furnished, and the Ministry of Health supplied the scientific equipment of the laboratory. The Ministry also arranged that the routine laboratory work should be done by one of their laboratory assistants, Mr. P. G. Shute, under Col. James's supervision. I undertook the selection of cases suitable for treatment and their clinical care and management. The arrange ments were completed in April, 1925, and since that month 33 batches of infected mosquitoes have been prepared and utilized for the inoculation of more than 300 patients in 69 hospitals in England, Wales and Scotland.

Tryparsamide, the sodium salt of N-phenylglycineanmid-p-arsonic acid, was first prepared by Jacobs and Heidelberger in 1915 in the laboratories of the Rockefeller Institute. Following on the excellent reports of its efficacy in the treatment of neuro-syphilis in America, it was distributed to various research centres in this country through the agency of the Medical Research Council prior to its liberation for general use.

In spite of the inability of organic arsenical compounds to stem the course of general paralysis, nevertheless, as each new member of this group appears it is given a trial in the hope that it may do good. This has been done in many cases in the, absence of evidence supporting the use of the drug, and where the only justification for its use appears to have been its relation to salvarsan. The results have always proved discouraging, and indeed in many cases the dissolution process has actually been hastened.

It is to Jung, of Zurich, that we are indebted for the attempted division of attitudes of mind into the introverted and the extroverted types. In his Analytical Psychology he gives us a chapter on types, and in 1924 appeared his large work on Psychological Types. According to Jung, the introverted type of individual is characterized by the fact that his libido is turned towards his own personality to a certain extent—he finds within himself the uncon ditioned value. The extroverted type has his libido to a certain extent externally—he finds the unconditioned value outside himself.

This paper is based upon observations taken on patients at rarkside Mental Hospital, Macclesfield.

Martin's modification of a Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer was used. The systolic pressure (S.P.) was taken at the point on the scale when the first audible click was heard through the stethoscope on decompression following obliteration of the left brachial artery, and the diastolic pressure (D.P.) at the point when the loud thuds suddenly became dull (the end of the third and beginning of the fourth phase).

The ingestion of a pint of milk by a normal fasting individual is followed by certain blood changes, the most important of which are an increase in the leucocyte count and a slight rise of blood pressure. In the condition known as anaphylaxis, or protein shock, the general symptoms are accompanied by a fall in the number of blood leucocytes, a reversal of the differential count, and a lowering of the blood-pressure.

This work has been undertaken with the object of disclosing metabolic deviations which might aid in the ætiologyor diagnosis of the psychoses, especially in cases of dementia præcox, epilepsy, melancholia and secondary dementia.

The objects of this investigation were to find out in what respect the resistance to hæmolysis of the red blood-corpuscles differs in mental disease from the normal, and to make a contribution towards the elucidation of pathological mental states and their relationship to pathological states of organs of the body other than the brain.

In the last ten years, since the technique of blood-sugar estimations has been simplified, numerous investigations have been carried out of blood-sugar curves in the various types of mental disorder.

Since May, 1915, I have habitually used the Cantani injection in moribund cases of general paralysis, and I have been impressed on many occasions by the remarkable effects produced, in that the life of the patient has been prolonged generally for several days and often for a matter of weeks or months. I had been taught that nearly all forms of mental disease were practically incurable, and that general paralysis in particular was not only incurable, but invariably fatal. In view of my experience, however, I determined to try and improve the method. In taking up the investigation I was largely influenced by the fact that if the method of treatment were successful it would have the strong practical advantage of keeping the patients alive until relatives residing at long distances could reach them and so be present at the death-bed.

This seems to be a remarkable case of psychic disturbance coincident with a progressing disease of the paleo-striate system, and complicated by involvement of the pyramidal tracts. He exhibits a universality of clinical manifestations that is probably unique in a single patient; but this only serves to emphasize the diffuseness of the pathological process that involves corpus striatum lesions in general, and the extent to which it is capable of progressing in a particular subject. But his case is sufficiently atypical to be classed apart from any known disease-grouping, leaving us the alternative of two or more independent diseases affecting the same patient, or a gradual and extensive march of a morbid process that few victims of the pallidiæ class live long enough to undergo. As we shall show, our case has points of comparison with the bilateral athetosis that Cecil Vogt described; with the progressive lenticular degeneration of Kinnier Wilson; with a lesion in the strio-rubral and strio-cerebellar paths and more markedly with the Westplial-Strümpell “pseudo-sclerosis” syndrome. Added to this are evidences of a bilateral internal capsule involve ment, and an extending lower motor neuron lesion in the cord, judging from the asymmetrical bilateral results noted clinically. As is usual with these neo-striate groups, the mental and emotional disturbances are significant (perhaps indicative of some thalamic involvement)—indeed, in this case largely preceding the onset of other signs. Further, the vegetative nervous system also shows its expected hyperactivity (as instanced by most of the reported cases), possibly from an irritation of the subthalamic centres for the sympathetic. A few anomalous trophic disturbances complete the collective picture, of which, from its rarity, a detailed description may not be out of place.