ENT specialty trainees are invited to national bootcamps to prepare for critical events to which they may have never been exposed. Here, we evaluate the frequency of out-of-hours ENT operations and the level of supervision provided to inform aspiring trainees and the national bootcamps.

Information on all ENT operations performed out-of-hours was prospectively recorded by trainees in Kent, Surrey and Sussex over seven months.

There was a 100 per cent response rate. The trainee was the most senior surgeon present for 48.4 per cent of out-of-hours operations. Four of the six most frequently performed out-of-hours operations are not included in the ENT indicator procedures, and two are not included in the national ENT bootcamps.

Trainees should be aware of the most common procedures they may be expected to perform out-of-hours. Training in these should be provided prior to the commencement of specialty training. The audit design can be replicated across surgical specialties.

Olfactory impairment may be present among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 self-perceived as asymptomatic. This study aimed to assess olfactory function among these individuals.

A cross-sectional study involving patients with coronavirus disease 2019 self-perceived as asymptomatic was conducted. Assessments included the subjective Malaysian Smell and Taste Questionnaire and the culturally adapted Malaysian version of the objective Sniffin’ Sticks Identification smell test.

In 81 participants (mean age of 31.59 ± 12.04 years), with mean time from diagnosis to smell test of 7.47 ± 3.79 days, subjective assessment showed that 80.2 per cent were asymptomatic (questionnaire score of 6) and 19 per cent had mild symptoms (questionnaire score of 7 and 8). The mean objective smell test score was 10.89 ± 2.11. The prevalence of olfactory impairment was 76.6 per cent among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 self-perceived as asymptomatic. There was no association between the questionnaire and the smell test scores (p = 0.25). There was a correlation between the smell test score and the duration from diagnosis to smell test (p = 0.04).

The objective assessment demonstrated that coronavirus disease 2019 patients who perceived themselves as asymptomatic showed olfactory impairment.

The transnasal endoscopic approach may provide better visualisation and a safer approach to the orbital apex. This study presents a case series of orbital apex lesions managed by this approach.

This study was an eight-year retrospective analysis of seven patients who were operated on for orbital apex lesions in two tertiary medical centres.

Complete tumour removal was performed in three patients and partial removal was performed in four patients. Visual acuity improved in three patients, remained stable in one patient and decreased in the other two patients. The visual field improved in four patients and did not change in two patients. Complications included worse vision and visual fields in 28.6 per cent of patients and late enophthalmos (of −1.25 ± 4.6 mm) in 2 patients.

The transnasal approach to orbital apex lesions in selected cases may provide a rational alternative to transorbital surgery. Complete tumour removal should be weighed against the risk of damage to the optic nerve.

To compare the effectiveness of radiofrequency Coblation assisted excision and cold steel excision in the treatment of idiopathic vocal process granulomas.

A retrospective study was performed of patients with idiopathic vocal process granulomas who underwent radiofrequency Coblation excision or cold steel excision between January 2013 and January 2020. The recurrence rate was compared among the two groups at six months post-operatively.

Of the 47 patients with vocal process granulomas, 28 were in the cold steel excision (control) group and 19 were in the Coblation-assisted group. The recurrence rate in the control group was significantly higher than that in the Coblation-assisted group (60.7 per cent vs 5.3 per cent; p < 0.001). In addition, the voice recovery of the Coblation-assisted group was significantly better than that of the control group; vocal quality recovered one month after surgery in the Coblation-assisted group.

Radiofrequency Coblation should be considered the optimal method when approaching idiopathic vocal process granulomas surgically.

The optimal timing of functional endoscopic sinus surgery for odontogenic infections precipitated by retention cysts of the maxillary sinus was investigated.

Five adults who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were examined.

The root apexes of all teeth that had odontogenic infection protruded into the maxillary sinus. All teeth with odontogenic infections precipitated by the retention cysts had percussion pain, indicating they had periodontitis and pulpitis around the root apex. They were vital teeth, indicating they did not have pulp necrosis. The small area of cyst wall attached to the floor of the maxillary sinus and root apex were left intact. The teeth that had odontogenic infections precipitated by retention cysts continued to be vital with no symptoms.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery should be performed before periodontitis and pulpitis of the root apex progress to ascending pulpitis and pulp necrosis. In other words, functional endoscopic sinus surgery should be performed while the affected tooth is still vital.

Effective nasal reconstruction requires skin and soft tissue cover, cartilage or bone structure, and mucosal lining. Ideal lining is thin, pliable and vascularised, making reconstruction challenging. This paper presents the first case series with long-term outcomes of pericranial flaps used as inner lining for nasal reconstruction.

Patients undergoing paramedial forehead flaps from 2007 to 2019 were identified using second-stage nasal reconstruction billing codes. Patients with pericranial flaps for lining, for whom there were data on resulting outcomes and complications, were identified.

Sixty-six patients underwent second-stage nasal reconstruction. Eighteen patients had paramedian forehead and pericranial flaps for inner lining reconstruction. The flap lining had no immediate post-operative complications. Three patients suffered partial to major reconstructive failure post radiotherapy. Other complications included nasal stenosis and orocutaneous fistula.

Combined with paramedian forehead flaps, the pericranial flap is reliable as inner lining for nasal reconstruction. It is easily accessible and useful in resections with limited mucosal options.

This study investigated mobile health enabled surveillance in ototoxicity.

This was a longitudinal study of 32 participants receiving chemotherapy. Baseline and exit audiograms that included conventional and extended high frequency audiometry were recorded within the patient's treatment venue using a validated mobile health audiometer.

Average hearing thresholds at baseline were within the normal range (81.2 per cent left; 93.8 per cent right), reducing at exit testing (71.9 per cent left; 78.1 per cent right). Half of participants presented with a threshold shift according to ototoxicity monitoring criteria. The frequencies affected the most were between 4000 and 16 000 Hz, with left ears significantly more affected than right ears. Noise levels exceeded the maximum permissible ambient noise levels in up to 43.8 per cent of low frequencies (250–1000 Hz).

Mobile health supported audiometry proved to be an efficacious tool for ototoxicity monitoring at the treatment venue. Changes in hearing ability over time could be tracked, improving surveillance in patients with full treatment schedules.

This study aimed to evaluate the management practices and outcomes in children with sinogenic intracranial suppuration.

This was a retrospective cohort study in a single paediatric tertiary unit that included patients younger than 18 years with radiologically confirmed intracranial abscess, including subdural empyema and epidural or intraparenchymal abscess secondary to sinusitis. Main outcomes studied were rate of return to the operating theatre, length of hospital stay, death in less than 90 days and neurological disability at 6 months.

A cohort of 39 consecutive patients presenting between 2000 and 2020 were eligible for inclusion. Subdural empyema was the most common intracranial complication followed by extradural abscess and intraparenchymal abscess. Mean length of hospital stay was 42 days. Sixteen patients were managed with combined ENT and neurosurgical interventions, 15 patients underwent ENT procedures alone and 4 patients had only neurosurgical drainage. Four patients initially underwent non-operative management. The rates of return to the operating theatre, neurological deficits and 90-day mortality were 19, 9 and 3, respectively, and were comparable across the 4 treatment arms. In the univariate logistic regression, only the size of an intracranial abscess was found be associated with an increased likelihood of return to the operating theatre, whereas combined ENT and neurosurgical intervention did not result in improved outcomes.

Sinogenic intracranial abscesses are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The size of an intracranial abscess has a strong association with a need for a revision surgery.

Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss may be accompanied by dizziness without true vertigo. This study used the video head impulse test to evaluate vestibular function in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients who described experiencing dizziness and not true vertigo.

A prospective study was conducted of 30 consecutive patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with dizziness without true vertigo. A comparison of the video head impulse test results of the patients who complained of dizziness (symptomatic group) with a group of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and no dizziness (asymptomatic) was performed.

Nine patients (30 per cent) were symptomatic. Two of those patients had abnormal video head impulse test findings. Seven patients in the asymptomatic group (7 out of 21, 33 per cent) presented with abnormal video head impulse test results. No significant difference in vestibular function between the two groups was detected by the video head impulse test.

The site of insult in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss without true vertigo is usually limited to the cochlea or the cochlear nerve.

This study aimed to assess the effects of surface electrical stimulation plus voice therapy on voice in dysphonic patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

Patients were assigned to 3 treatment groups (n = 28 per group) and received daily treatment for 3 weeks on 5 days a week. All three groups received voice therapy (usual care). In addition, two groups received surface electrical stimulation, either motor-level or sensory-level stimulation. A standardised measurement protocol to evaluate therapeutic effects included the Voice Handicap Index and videolaryngostroboscopy.

Voice Handicap Index and videolaryngostroboscopic assessment showed statistically significant differences between baseline and post-treatment across all groups, without any post-treatment differences between the three groups.

Intensive voice therapy (usual care) improved idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients' self-assessment of voice impairment and the videolaryngostroboscopic outcome score. However, surface electrical stimulation used as an add-on to usual care did not improve idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients’ self-assessment of voice impairment or the videolaryngostroboscopic outcome scores any further.

Adverse swallowing outcomes following head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treatment in the context of late-onset post-radiotherapy changes can occur more than five years post-treatment.

A retrospective study was conducted utilising patient records from March 2013 to April 2015. Patients were categorised into ‘swallow dysfunction’ and ‘normal swallow’ groups. Quality of life was investigated using the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory and EuroQol questionnaires.

Swallow dysfunction was seen in 77 (51 per cent) of 152 patients. Twenty-eight patients (36 per cent) in the swallow dysfunction group reported symptoms in year five. Swallow dysfunction was associated with stage IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (p < 0.001) and radiotherapy (p < 0.001). MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory global scores showed significant differences between swallow dysfunction and normal swallow groups (p = 0.01), and radiotherapy and surgery groups (p = 0.03), but there were no significant differences between these groups in terms of MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory composite or EuroQol five-dimensions instrument scores.

One-third of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma survivors with swallow dysfunction still show symptoms at more than five years post-surgery, a point at which they are typically discharged.

This study aimed to investigate predictive factors for revision surgery in otosclerosis.

This was a retrospective, multicentre study in four tertiary centres. The primary objective was to investigate factors that were predictive of the need for revision stapes surgery.

The ‘revision’ group included 145 patients, and the ‘control’ group included 143 patients. This study identified statistically significant predictive factors for the need for revision surgery: younger age, active smoking status, dyslipidaemia and high blood pressure. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of surgical technique or stapedotomy technique.

This study showed that patients who are candidates for primary stapes surgery with younger age, active smoking status, dyslipidaemia and high blood pressure are at higher risk of needing revision surgery. A holistic approach prior to stapes surgery with multidisciplinary assessment is recommended. These results are important for better patient counselling on expected outcomes and risks.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of anti-reflux therapy on the idiopathic vocal process granulomas.

This was a prospective case series study. The patients with vocal process granulomas who met the inclusion criteria were analysed. Proton pump inhibitors and vocal hygiene education were conducted for 8–20 weeks.

Of the 16 patients with vocal process granulomas, 5 (31.25 per cent) patients achieved complete remission. The complete remission rate of granulomas was not significantly related to age (p = 1.000), sex (p = 0.296), side (p = 0.299), position (p = 0.100), endoscopic morphology (p = 0.263) or proton pump inhibitor treatment course (p = 0.543) but was significantly associated with granuloma location (p = 0.001) and granuloma size (p = 0.012).

Granulomas in the vocal cord and the margin of the vocal process had an excellent response to proton pump inhibitors, but granulomas on the surface of vocal process and arytenoid cartilage body had little response to proton pump inhibitors. The prolonged period of proton pump inhibitor treatment did not increase the complete remission rate of vocal process granulomas.

Bilateral Ménière's disease is classified according to the time of appearance of symptoms in each ear into synchronous and metachronous types. A descriptive longitudinal study, involving 59 bilateral Ménière's disease patients, was carried out to assess the two forms of bilateral Ménière's disease.

Data on symptomatic chronology in each ear, auditory evolution and evolution of vertiginous crisis, among other aspects, were obtained, analysed and compared. Possible risk factors for Ménière's disease becoming bilateral were analysed after conducting nested case–control studies in a cohort.

The metachronous form was seen in 76.3 per cent of cases, and the time it took for the disease to become bilateral took a median time of seven years. The symptomatic triad was the most frequent symptomatic debut for the first ear in both forms. Synchronous debut presented a greater average hearing loss. Suffering from migraine and a symptomatic onset with a greater number of symptoms appear to be possible predictors of conversion to bilateral Ménière's disease.

Bilateral Ménière's disease temporal models presented differences. The study of them helps to better understand, prevent and predict the behaviour of these patients.

Major haemorrhage is a rare complication after chemoradiotherapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. This is managed by interventional neuroradiology with endovascular embolisation of the bleeding vessel. This study aimed to describe radiological and clinical predictors of haemorrhage.

A retrospective case series was conducted of all patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas who suffered a major haemorrhage requiring embolisation during or after treatment with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone, between 2013 and 2021, in Western Australia.

This study included 14 patients, in two groups: haemorrhage group (n = 70) and tumour stage matched non-haemorrhage group (n = 7). Patients who haemorrhaged had a larger average transverse axial tumour size on pre-treatment computed tomography (38 mm vs 22 mm; p = 0.02) and tumours tended to involve the proximal aspect of the offending bleeding vessel. All patients who haemorrhaged developed deep cavitating or ulcerative tumour bed changes on post-treatment imaging (p < 0.0001).

Tumour bed ulceration or cavitation appears to be highly predictive of haemorrhage in this patient cohort.

The role of high-resolution computed tomography scans in otosclerosis remains uncertain. There is a debate over the relationship between radiological and audiometric findings among patients.

Pre-operative audiometry and high-resolution computed tomography findings from 40 ears with surgically confirmed otosclerosis were compared. High-resolution computed tomography scan data regarding the characteristics of the disease foci, the endosteal extension and the occurrence of internal auditory canal diverticula were obtained. The influence of each radiological variable on the simple pure tone average, the high-frequency pure tone average and the bone-conduction pure tone average were investigated.

Cases with endosteal extension (p = 0.047) and a higher number of affected sites within the otic capsule had a worse bone-conduction pure tone average, although it was only significant for the latter (p = 0.006). Those without concomitant retrofenestral disease (p = 0.019) had better simple pure tone average.

The number of sites of involvement and concomitant retrofenestral disease seem to significantly impact audiometric findings in otosclerosis.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to increased pressure on health services, which, combined with variable social restrictions, led to decreased referrals for head and neck cancer. This study assessed whether there were lasting changes to head and neck cancer referrals during different stages of the pandemic response in 2020 and 2021.

A retrospective review was conducted of all cases referred for suspected head and neck cancer to our institution in January 2020, April 2020, April 2021 and June 2021.

There was a rebound 91 per cent increase in referrals between April 2020 and April 2021 following the 59 per cent decrease in referrals between January 2020 and April 2020. Males made up 47.1 per cent of referrals in January 2020, 40 per cent in April 2020 and 37.82 per cent in April 2021.

Further research is recommended to investigate the reasons why there is a continued decline in male referrals and the effect this has on their outcomes.

In the UK, guidance recommends ultrasound scanning alone or in combination with sestamibi scintigraphy to guide surgery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. If an adenoma is localised on imaging, this can facilitate targeted or minimally invasive surgery. Surgeon-performed ultrasound scan on the operating table benefits from being performed on an anaesthetised patient with optimal positioning. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of intra-operative, blinded, surgeon-performed ultrasound scan in localisation of parathyroid adenomas.

Prospective data were collected on consecutive patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism at a single tertiary centre from November 2019 to June 2021. Patients underwent blinded, surgeon-performed ultrasound scan under general anaesthesia immediately prior to surgery. Localisation results from pre-operative imaging and surgeon-performed ultrasound scan were then compared with the intra-operative findings.

Forty-nine patients underwent surgery and were found to have single-gland disease. Sestamibi scintigraphy, radiologist-performed ultrasound scan and surgeon-performed ultrasound scan had sensitivities of 59.4, 43.75 and 73.8 per cent, respectively. Surgeon-performed ultrasound scan had a statistically significantly increased sensitivity compared with radiologist-performed ultrasound (p < 0.05).

Intra-operative, surgeon-performed ultrasound scan is effective in localising parathyroid adenomas and may be a useful adjunct to facilitate minimally invasive parathyroid surgery.

This study aimed to determine if pre-operative radiological scoring can reliably predict intra-operative difficulty and final cochlear electrode position in patients with advanced otosclerosis.

A retrospective cohort study of advanced otosclerosis patients who underwent cochlear implantation (n = 48, 52 ears) was compared with a larger cohort of post-lingually deaf adult patients (n = 1414) with bilateral hearing loss and normal cochlear anatomy. Pre-operative imaging for advanced otosclerosis patients and final electrode position were scored and correlated with intra-operative difficulty and speech outcomes.

Advanced otosclerosis patients benefit significantly from cochlear implantation. Mean duration of deafness was longer in the advanced otosclerosis group (19.5 vs 14.3 years; p < 0.05).

Anatomical changes in advanced otosclerosis can result in increased difficulty of surgery. Evidence of pre-operative cochlear luminal changes was associated with intra-operative difficult insertion and final non-scala tympani position. Nearly all electrodes implanted in the advanced otosclerosis cohort were peri-modiolar. No reports of facial nerve stimulation were observed.

This study aimed to audit middle-ear surgical procedures, provide a record of Australian experiences and allow comparisons with other published audits.

A retrospective continuous series audit was conducted on 274 patients who underwent tympanoplasty, mastoidectomy and stapedotomy surgery at Westmead Hospital, Sydney. All consecutive surgical procedures, performed by multiple operators at various stages of training but under the care of a single surgeon, were included.

Graft uptake was 86.9 per cent in tympanoplasty. Well healed cavities were seen in 72 per cent of mastoidectomies. Although 42 per cent of the patients had one or more co-morbidities, this did not influence the outcome. Hearing improvement was dramatic in stapedotomy and minimally changed in mastoidectomy. Post-operative complications were minimal.

All forms of middle-ear surgery were effective in achieving their surgical goals. Aural discharge and inflammatory diseases were well controlled with tympanoplasty and mastoid surgery.