Forty-one children reared in group care were compared with 41 age- and sex-matched family care children according to interview, questionnaire, and observation measures of behavioural and scholastic functioning. Individual differences in outcome within the group care sample were examined in relation to a range of possible risk/protective indicators. The strongest predictor of outcome proved to be the reason for admission into residential care, with the implication that the outcome was best for children who had experienced stable, harmonious family relationships in their early years. The risk and protective effects applied to both the children's behaviour and scholastic attainments but, although the two were intercorrelated, neither accounted for the other. All subgroups of children in institutional care failed to show a lack of confiding peer relationships, with the pattern of findings suggesting that this stemmed from some aspect of experiences (possibly involving peer relationships) during residential care, as well as from discontinuity in caregiving during the early years.

Involuntary wetting is one of the most common symptoms of childhood, affecting 10% of all 7-year-olds at night and 3% during the day (Hellström, Hanson, Hansson, Hjälmas, & Jodal, 1990). It comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders that differ regarding aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, and therapy. Day wetting was last reviewed in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry in 1979 (Berg, 1979). In the past two decades a wealth of information on the pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis, as well as of diurnal wetting, has been won. This annotation will review clinically relevant aspects of both forms of wetting and will concentrate on findings from paediatric urology, paediatric nephrology, genetics, endocrinology, child psychiatry, and epidemiology. Medical and technical terms are explained in the Glossary. Specific child psychological aspects will not be dealt with, as these have been excellently reviewed elsewhere, especially for nocturnal enuresis (Butler, 1987, 1994).

This report describes the evaluation methodology of the Tri-Ministry Study—a school-based trial evaluating the effectiveness of three universal programs: (a) a classwide social skills program (SS), (b) a partner reading program (RE); and, (c) a combination of both (SS & RE), to reduce and prevent behavioural maladjustment among children in the primary division (up to grade 3) of Ontario schools. The trial was done between 1991 and 1995. Sixty schools in 11 boards of education took part and were assigned randomly to program(s) during the study. Contributing to the evaluation database are detailed follow-up assessments (observations, ratings, and standard tests) on 2439 children. Three-level growth trajectory models are used to evaluate program effects. The analysis presented for illustration in this report focuses on reading achievement measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test. A companion paper presents the results of the study and discusses important methodological and programmatic issues applicable to this and other prevention studies in the field.

This paper reviews the presentation, clinical features, and management of early-onset bipolar disorder. A framework for the treatment is based upon a systematic, critical appraisal of the available literature. A multimodal approach is emphasised using individual and family psychoeducational interventions in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. The role of mood stabilisers—lithium—and the anticonvulsants—sodium valproate and carbamazepine—is reviewed, alongside the treatments for depression in bipolar disorder and refractory mania.

In this study, the relationship between short-term emotion expressions and dimensional ratings of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology was examined. Short-term emotions, defined as facial or vocal displays of emotion generally lasting less than 10 seconds and elicited by a specific and proximal event, were observed during recess in 71 children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, who were between 4 and 8 years old. Internalizing and externalizing symptomatology was assessed through parent and teacher questionnaire. Sociometric ratings were obtained from peers on children's anger and aggression. It was hypothesized following Tomkins (1979) and others that one affect becomes predominant in the emotional experience of the individual. Different operationalizations of this concept were examined. Using regression analyses, externalizing symptomatology was found to be predicted by higher levels of anger, lower levels of happiness, and lower levels of sadness. Internalizing symptomatology was found to be predicted by higher levels of sadness and lower levels of anger. It was concluded on the basis of these data that the relationship between short-term emotion and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology is best understood as the balance between different short-term emotions. Results are discussed in the context of theories of emotion and their functions.

The goal of this study was to investigate the variables that best predict functional impairment in children and adolescents. Two hundred and eight psychiatric and 129 pediatric children aged 7 to 17 years were assessed with measures of psychopathology, functional impairment, temperament, marital discord, educational style, coping, developmental milestones, stressful life events, medical history, school information, and family history of psychopathology. Multiple regression models adjusted by psychopathology were estimated. The global model, which included all the significant variables in partial models, revealed the following predictors of impairment: receiving review lessons, chronic disease or handicap, the presence of problems the child interpreted as stressful, late onset and long duration of psychopathological problems. These indicators could be useful for the proper identification of children with severe difficulties, in order to provide them with adequate psychological services.

This study measured the sleep attributes of 30 normal 12-month-old children with a computerized movement detector (Actigraph). Data on the child's temperament was based on the Carey Toddler Temperament Questionnaire, which the mother completed. The main finding was that rhythmic children went to sleep earlier and had longer sleep duration; however, their sleep pattern was not more efficient compared to children with irregular rhythmicity. The results of the present study provide only limited evidence to the association between the regulation of sleep-wake cycles and the temperamental characteristics of the child. Hence it may be concluded that within non-referred low-risk infants, temperament does not discriminate between good and poor sleepers. Alternatively, however, the marginal relationship between sleep and temperament demonstrated in the present study may reflect the limitation of maternal perception as a source for temperament assessment.

The associations of the mutual mother–child, father–child, and mother–father relationship and various patterns of family relations with child psychopathology were investigated in a sample of 137 families referred to outpatient mental health services. Assessment of the relative association of the different family dyads showed that both the mother–child and the mother–father relationship were related to child problem behaviour. However, whereas the mother–child relationship was consistently more related to externalising behaviour, the mother–father relationship was particularly related to internalising behaviour. Our findings gave clear support for the cumulative risk model: having more negatively qualified relationships was associated with more problem behaviour. Furthermore, our results suggested a protective influence of the parent–child relationship: having one or two positive parent–child relationships was associated with less problem behaviour. No support was found for the cross-generational coalition hypothesis. Implications for future research are discussed.

The changes occurring within Korean society provide an opportunity for studying the influence of family structure on children's emotional and behavioural problems. Children aged 7–13 years from two Korean cities were assessed for emotional and behavioural problems in school by their teachers, using the Children's Behaviour Questionnaire. In Study 1, 326 children from extended families were compared with demographically matched nuclear family children in the same school classes. In Study 2, a further sample of 204 extended family children was compared with pair-matched nuclear family children, in order to replicate the findings. Children from Study 1 were followed up 2.5 years later. Children from extended families had lower behaviour problems scores and the prevalence of serious problems was lower in extended family children. These differences were most marked in relation to externalising behaviour problems and were stable over the studies and time. Grandparents in extended families may increase children's resiliency by providing sources of attachment, affection, and knowledge, as well as having indirect effects through their support of parents. Consistent with recent ideas about the cognitive bases for behaviour problems, it may be that rules for behaviour derived from traditional cultural beliefs and values are internalised by children from extended families and generalise to prevent behaviour problems in school.

There are mixed research results in the literature regarding a possible association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and atopic disorders. If such an association were supported, the implications for underlying pathophysiology would be significant. We evaluated level of atopic responsiveness (based on IgE-mediated response to skin prick tests) in 312 referrals to a pediatric allergist. Based on the atopy code, children were categorized as non-atopic, or moderately or severely atopic. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Univariate analyses on the eight CBCL subscales revealed no differences between the atopic groups. Our results do not support an association between IgE-mediated atopic responsiveness and ADHD, but they do not rule out an association between allergic symptoms and ADHD based on some other mechanism.

This study compared the expressed emotion (EE) scores obtained using individual interviews with parents with the scores obtained in whole family interviews. Interviews were carried out with 31 parents of 16 adolescents referred because of an eating disorder. There was moderate correlation of scores between the two interviews regarding critical comments, emotional overinvolvement, and warmth, but it was low for positive remarks. The study suggests that the whole family interview, which is time saving, is useful in assessing expressed emotion. The levels of expressed emotion, particularly the relatively low levels of critical comments and emotional overinvolvement, are similar to those of previous studies.

This study examined the applicability of the Chinese Version of Teacher's Report Form (TRF-CV) and estimated the prevalence of behavioral problems in a general population sample of 2936 children aged 6 through 11 years in the Shandong Province of China. Teachers completed the TRF-CV and the Conners Hyperkinesis Index (CHI). The TRF-CV total scale showed satisfactory 2-week test–retest reliability (r = .83) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .94). The TRF-CV Total Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior had acceptable concurrent validity with the CHI (mean r = .62). With the TRF-CV Total Problems score of 26 as a cutoff, an overall correct classification rate of 90% for clinical sample and nonreferral required children was obtained. Exploratory factor analysis yielded six syndromes: Aggressive/Delinquent Behavior, Withdrawn/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, Attention Problems, Social Problems, and Thought Problems, with significant correlations with corresponding American cross-informant syndromes (mean r = .84). The overall prevalence rate of behavioral problems was 15.5% (95% CI = 14.2–16.8%), with a boy-to-girl ratio of 2.0: 1 (χ2 = 59.70, p < .001). Younger boys exhibited more externalizing problems. These findings indicate that the TRF-CV is applicable for Chinese children, and the prevalence of behavioral problems shown by it among Chinese children seems comparable to that found in other countries. Although most of the American syndromes were well replicated, the differences in the present subjects, when submitted to principal components analysis, from American samples from whom the original syndromes were derived, could have prevented the study from replicating distinctions between aggressive vs. delinquent and depressed vs. withdrawn syndromes.

Epidemiological surveys of child and adolescent mental disorders often rely on multiple informants to get a complete diagnostic picture. A consistent finding in the literature is that different informants often do not identify the same children as being disordered. However, because current strategies for estimating interinformant agreement often involve categorizing children using less than perfectly sensitive and/or specific symptoms, biased estimates of interinformant agreement are likely. The aim of this report was to illustrate how latent class analysis (LCA) can be used to model interinformant agreement in the absence of a “gold standard”. The proposed model consists of informant-specific latent variables each made up of two or more latent classes corresponding to different levels of symptomatology. Unlike most previous applications of LCA this model allows us to model the extent to which the prevalence of the disorder is the same across informants; and, in addition, the association between informants. The data set comes from a prospective longitudinal study of 2264 children from Québec (1155 boys and 1109 girls). In grade 2, teachers and mothers independently rated each child on three physical aggression behavior symptoms. We satisfactorily accounted for the cross-classification of the behavior symptoms by postulating the existence of two latent variables—one for each informant—each made up of three latent classes of children: low-, medium-, and high-aggressive. The results showed that the prevalence of low- and medium-aggressive children in the population differed from teacher to mother, but that the prevalence of high-aggressive children did not. We found that the association between teacher and mother was large and positive and did not vary according to the child's physical aggression state or gender; in contrast, the association between physical aggression and gender was not the same for mother and teacher. Limitations and other potential applications of the proposed model are discussed.

The Fear Survey Schedule for Children–II (FSSC–II) (Gullone & King, 1992) was modified for parent report and a younger age group. The modified instrument (FSSC–IIP) was completed by 753 parents of children within the age range 3.0 to 8.9 years. Results revealed a stable eight-factor solution that was sensitive to age and gender differences. Parents reported a higher overall level of fear for school children compared to preschool children, and a higher overall level of fearfulness for girls compared to boys. The most common fears reported were getting lost in a crowd and in a strange place.

Abbreviations: FSSC (–II, –IIP): Fear Survey Schedule for Children; PCA: principal components analysis.

Abnormal psychosocial factors, assessed both clinically and by raters blind to clinical presentation, were examined in 21 hyperkinetic and 26 conduct disordered children. Blind raters found the frequency of psychosocial adversities to be similar in the two disorders. By contrast the clinical rater, who did know the diagnosis of patients, rated adverse psychosocial situations as much lower in hyperkinetic children than in children with conduct disorder. Logistic regression showed, particularly in the category of abnormal intrafamilial relationships (Lack of warmth in parent child relationship, Hostility or scapegoating of the child, Intrafamilial discord among adults), effects of the interaction between rater and knowledge of diagnosis. Clinical raters should be aware of abnormal psychosocial situations in hyperkinetic children and assess possible adverse effects on parents and children. Researchers should be aware of a possible bias in research interviews.

Variations in children's problem behaviors associated with ethnicity and other demographic variables were examined in 6–18-year-old children (N=804) residing in a multicultural environment. The Child Behavior Checklist–Teacher's Report Form was used to compare the frequency of behavior problems among clinic-referred and nonreferred children of Hawaiian, Asian, and Caucasian ethnicities. Children who were male, clinic-referred, or of Caucasian or Hawaiian ancestry experienced greater levels of behavioral problems. Explanations concerning ethnic variations in children's problem behaviors include: teacher's perceptual bias, differences in teacher threshold to report problem behaviors, and/or true variations in children's behavior.

Contemporary findings suggest that the imagination of autistic children is not as limited as was once thought. In contrast, Scott and Baron-Cohen (1996) claim that children with autism are unable to draw pictures of impossible entities. An experiment showed that children with autism, children with moderate learning disabilities, and normal 4-year-olds were equally successful at identifying real and impossible pictures and at completing pictures to make them look either real or impossible. The previously reported inability to draw “impossible” pictures is unlikely to reflect an imaginative deficit and may instead result from a misunderstanding of the task or limitations in the executive abilities required to plan and draw an unusual picture for the first time.

Recently a type of growth failure (Hyperphagic Short Stature) has been described, in which there is potentially reversible severe impairment of growth hormone secretion, in association with excessively high levels of psychosocial stress. This condition is a variant of the disorder formerly known as Psychosocial Dwarfism. In the present study we compared children with Hyperphagic Short Stature (N=25, aged 9.04 years±3.78, 72% male) and a closely matched sample with normal height, drawn from comparably stressful family circumstances (N=25, aged 10.61±3.04, 60% male). Measures of the psychosocial environment, anthropometry, and developmental history from infancy were obtained. Many symptoms thought previously to be characteristics of psychosocial dwarfism were found to be nonspecific stress responses. Hypotonia (p<.05), enuresis/encopresis (p<.01), and sleep cycle disruption (p<.05) did differentiate the groups. Growth, appetite, and sleep are all influenced by hypothalamic nuclei, suggesting hypothalamic pathology could account for most of the clinical features of Hyperphagic Short Stature.

As behavioral genetic strategies have become part of the arsenal of research in developmental psychopathology, a wide variety of genetic analyses are being applied to child psychiatric data. Multivariate genetic techniques have been used to explore comorbidity among traits or disorders and the main analysis undertaken has been to examine whether comorbidity is due to shared genetic and/or environmental factors. However, this model ignores other possible causes of comorbidity, which are reviewed. In particular, genetic analyses of comorbidity have only infrequently considered the model of phenotypic causality (one disorder directly influencing another), which provides an important alternative with potentially different implications for intervention strategies. Data from a recently published article by Wamboldt, Schmitz, and Mrazek (1998) are used to illustrate the potential difficulties of distinguishing between models of shared genetic/environmental risk and phenotypic causality. Given that the sample sizes required to distinguish between these models are often large, and frequently greater than those of the datasets available, it is argued that researchers should select the models that they test based on other lines of evidence that these models are plausible. Where convincing evidence does not exist, researchers should explore alternative models and determine their power to discriminate between these models.

Deaf children of elementary and secondary school age participated in a study designed to examine their understanding of display rules, the principles governing the expression and concealment of emotion in social situations. The results showed that deaf children's knowledge of display rules, as measured by their reported concealment of emotion, was comparable to that of hearing children of the same age. However, deaf children were less likely to report that they would conceal happiness and anger. They were also less likely to produce reasons for concealing emotion and a smaller proportion of their reasons were prosocial, that is, relating to the feelings of others. The results suggest that the understanding of display rules (which function to protect the feelings of other people) may develop more gradually in deaf children raised in a spoken language environment than it does in hearing children.