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The Mode of Financing Unions of States as a Measure of Their Degree of Integration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Quincy Wright
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Extract

The United Nations is the most comprehensive general international organization that has been established, but such organizations have existed before. General international organizations constitute a type of union of independent governments which has occurred in numerous instances in recorded history and even among primitive peoples.

Type
Articles
Information
International Organization , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , Winter 1957 , pp. 30 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1957

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References

1 Wright, Quincy, A Study of War, University of Chicago Press, 1942, p. 1012 ffGoogle Scholar.

2 Rappard, William E., Collective Security in Swiss Experience (1291–1848), London, Allen and Unwin, 1948, p. 13, 36, 44, 63, 69, 88Google Scholar.

3 Freeman, E. A., History of Federal Government from the Foundation of the Achaian League to the disruption of the United States. London, MacMillan, 1863Google Scholar. Only the first volume dealing with ancient Greek federations was printed. In a second edition printed in 1893 fragments left by the author on Italian and German federations were printed. On federal financial systems see 2d ed., p. n, 241 ff.

4 Dewey, D. R., Financial History of the United States, New York, Longmans, 1903, p. 49Google Scholar.

5 Ibid., p. 50 ff. Rhode Island manifested the same independent spirit when in 1912 it was one of three states to reject the federal income tax amendment.

6 Ibid., p. 56 ff.; Maxwell, James A., “The Finance Requirements of a Federal Government,” International Social Science Bulletin, Summer 1951 (Vol. 3), p. 298Google Scholar.

7 Dewey, cited above, p. 269.

8 Ibid., p. 476.

9 International Social Science Bulletin, Summer 1951 (Vol. 3), p. 309–310Google Scholar.

10 M. Bridel and Quincy Wright, ibid., p. 313. See also Jenks, C. Wilfred, “Some Legal Aspects of the Financing of International Institutions,” Transactions of the Grotius Society, Vol. 27 (1943), p. 88Google Scholar.

11 Wright, Quincy, A Study of War. cited above, p. 666Google Scholar.

12 Jenks, cited above. In 1884 SirLorimer, James proposed that “The expenses of International Government shall be defrayed by an international tax, to be levied by the government of each State upon its citizens; and the extent of such tax shall be proportioned to the number of representatives which the State sends to the International Legislature.” The Institutes of the Law of Nations, Edinburgh, Blackwood, 1884, Vol. 2, p. 287Google Scholar.

13 These figures are taken from the table in Staff Study No. 6, “Budgetary and Financial Problems of the United Nations,” United States Senate, Subcommittee on the United Nations Charter (83d Congress, 2d sess.), 12 1954, p. 4Google Scholar. See also Wilcox, Francis O. and Marcy, Carl M., Proposals for Changes in the United Nations, Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1955, p. 422Google Scholar.

14 These figures omit UNRRA, the administrative budget of which during its existence from 1944 to 1949 amounted to $48 million, varying from $13 million in 1946 to $4 million in 1948–1949. Operating contributions amounted to nearly $4 billion, largely from the United States. See Woodbridge, George, UNRRA, The History of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 3 vols., New York, Columbia University Press, 1950, Vol. 1, p. 105, 132Google Scholar.