Markov modeling was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of octreotide in treating carcinoid syndrome and VIPoma. For each condition, using octreotide was associated with doubled survival time. Octreotide was cost-effective for treating carcinoid tumor ($752 per additional year of life, two additional years on average), and cost saving for VIPoma.

Using a case study methodology, we examined the implementation of a nursing flow sheet system in the trauma center of a large, not-for-profit, teaching hospital. Findings add new insights to the existing body of knowledge in the information technology and medical informatics fields. First, results reveal that the success of clinical information systems requires a proactive stance where key actors anticipate and address the challenges ahead and capitalize on opportunities. Second, empirical evidence indicates that project outcomes ultimately depend on how the implementation process is managed and what the organization and its members do with the system once it is introduced. Finally, the case at hand shows that the nature and overall quality of the implementation strategy can be largely predicted by the key actors involved in the project, given their own background, skills, interest, and level of motivation.

This article presents the experiences from a pilot study and the establishment of a permanent system called SBU Alert. The question of establishing a system for the identification and assessment of emerging technologies in health care in Sweden has been on the agenda since the late 1980s. The demand came primarily from policy makers. The pilot study showed that the awareness of the project in the target group (politicians, leading managers, hospital directors, and senior medical advisors) was high. Almost all of those who replied to an assessment questionnaire were in favor of a continuation of the work. In 1997, the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) was selected to establish a permanent organization. This work has resulted in the identification of a number of methodological problems and tentative solutions concerning all components in the SBU Alert system. We have found that a system for systematic identification and early assessment of emerging technologies is a new and promising tool in the health technology assessment arsenal. Still, experiences are limited. Methodology and the impact of early judgments on decision making need further evaluation.

Dental amalgam—a mixture of elemental mercury and a silver-dominated metal alloy—has been the most widely used dental filling material for well over a century. Alternative materials exist but are not well suited for some important applications, and all are more expensive than amalgam. The toxic effects of occupational mercury exposure have long been known, but it was not until about 1980 that serious consideration was given to the possibility that mercury vapor escaping from amalgam fillings might be affecting health, specifically producing subtle effects on the central nervous system. Such effects have been reported among dentists and other dental personnel, whose exposures are well below industrial levels but above those from fillings alone. No large studies have been completed that examine the effects of mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. In the face of inadequate evidence on the possible risks of dental amalgam, countries have reacted disparately. Sweden is phasing out amalgam entirely, possibly by the end of 1997. Germany has produced guidelines for limiting its use, other countries have signaled their intention to reduce it, and others—the United States and Canada—have studied the matter but taken no action. Policy differences within Europe have made dental amalgam a test case for the European Community's new medical device regulations. Relatively little epidemiologic research has been initiated to try to answer the question of dental amalgam's possible health effects. An international effort to define and carry out a research agenda to guide public policy is called for.

Decisions relating to designing and implementing economic evaluations alongside clinical trials are dependent on a number of issues. Initial consideration should focus on whether an economic evaluation is appropriate, whether a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a suitable vehicle, and whether the design of the specific RCT is appropriate for integration of economic evaluation. If an economic evaluation is appropriate, decisions are required on how economic data are to be collected and analyzed. This paper discusses these and other issues and, where appropriate, provides recommendations for future studies.

To share the existing, albeit limited, experience among nations and to explore the feasibility of international collaboration on the identification and early evaluation of health care technologies, an workshop was arranged in September 1997. Twenty-seven policy makers and researchers from twelve countries attended the meeting and concluded that: the policy environment in most European countries is characterized by insufficient data on safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of health care innovations; that an early warning system is perceived as an essential mechanism for facilitating communication among policy makers, technology experts, and health professionals; and that collaboration on early warning activities might be even more useful than traditional collaboration in health technology assessment.

We conducted a study to acquire information on the current behavior of a sample of Italian surgeons and anesthesiologists about prescribing, interpreting, and using routine preoperative investigations. Consultants in surgery and anesthesiology in 60 hospitals in northern, central, and southern Italy were interviewed. Prescription of these procedures by doctors were driven more by personal experience than by updated scientific knowledge. This practice often led to ineffective and inefficient clinical practice, with healthy patients undergoing useless, time-consuming, costly, and sometimes harmful procedures.

The costs, effects, and cost-effectiveness of the Dutch Lung Transplantation program were assessed. The results show that lung transplantation is a very costly intervention that improves survival and quality of life. Costs per life-year and per QALY gained were, respectively, US $90,000 and US $71,000.

This study used data from a multinational phase III randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of tirilazad mesylate (Freedox®) in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In men, therapy with 6 mg/kg per day of tirilazad mesylate was associated with significantly increased survival, increased cost of care, and ratios of cost per death averted that compare favorably with the ratios of other life and death interventions. In women, it appeared to have no effects on costs or survival. Further clinical studies may provide additional information about the cost-effectiveness of this intervention.

We assessed the predictive validity of an expert panel's ratings of the appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy by comparing ratings to the results of subsequent randomized clinical trials. We found the trials confirmed the ratings for 44 indications (covering almost 30% of operations performed in 1981) and refuted the ratings for none.

This paper is a literature review and update of home drug infusion therapy (HDIT) in the United States. It concentrates on cost-effectiveness studies of parenteral antibiotic therapy administered in an outpatient setting. This update is timely because Medicare and other payors are under the pressure of cost containment with respect to this modality. Additionally, managed care is redefining reimbursement programs, which will affect HDIT in the future.

We compared patient ratings of the desirability of anxiety health states with measures of psychological distress and functional status and investigated how these ratings predicted treatment by primary care and mental health clinicians. As expected, associations between desirability ratings and psychological and physical health status were low to moderate. Persons who rated their current anxiety health state as more desirable received fewer mental health referrals and were statistically more likely to receive a prescription for psychotropic medication. Simple ratings of health state desirability may help clinicians evaluate patients' views of their health status and discuss potential treatment options.

The aim of the present study was to compare the factual results with the perception of results by the expert investigators involved in a major epidemiological study on risk factors for hip fracture, the Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study (MEDOS), and to do so before the actual results were known. A selection of 30 questions were used from the original MEDOS questionnaire to obtain estimates of selected key risk factors from the 14 participating experts. Ten investigators participated, six of whom filled out the questionnaire completely; these six questionnaires were used for the analysis. The population was estimated to be younger, to have better functional capacity, and to be more subjected to preventive activities than the actual survey data showed. Several methodological problems are explored.

The practice of health care technology assessment involves ethical considerations in all of its varied functions and techniques. Ethical issues in technology assessment can be grouped into the broad categories of normative concepts, diagnosis, prevention and therapy, research and the advancement of knowledge, and allocation of resources. Moreover, the ethics of the assessment process itself must be evaluated in terms of the integrity of the project's goals, procedures, and effects, and evaluators’ open and self-critical acknowledgment of their purposes. As a relatively new field, technology assessment can benefit from using a variety of analytic approaches as it works to develop its own methods for evaluating ethical issues related to technology.

Economic evaluation of quality assurance programs is often called for but rarely reported. A study was designed to estimate the cost-utility of audit of thrombolysis in four U.K. district general hospitals, using the quality-adjusted life year. Although the results obtained were imprecise, the model used could be applied in future evaluations.

There is currently no generally accepted formula for the optimal timing of health technology assessments (HTAs). This paper presents some of the relevant issues and then reviews the existing literature on timing of HTAs. It finds that the literature that specifically addresses these issues is limited. There is a consensus that HTAs should be initiated at an early stage of the development of a new health technology, and repeated during the life cycle of the technology. However, the questions of reliably identifying new technologies at an early stage in their development and of deciding on a detectable critical point for starting evaluation are not resolved. It is proposed that a system of categorization and prioritization of health technologies should be developed to allow decisions to be made as to when a strongly precautionary approach is required and how the limited resources available for HTA could be optimally deployed.

The study's purpose was to estimate the potential economic benefit of the optimization of postanesthesia care units (PACUs). A simulation model was designed and used to test the economic impact of a reduction of length of stay. For the studied PACU, a reduction of 25% of length of stay is required to yield significant economic results.

A retrospective study comparing 700 consecutive total hip arthroplasties, utilizing four types of implants, was performed. Questionnaires based on hip scores were sent to 593 living patients. Useful responses were received from 363 (61 %) patients. Hip scores and quality-adjusted life-years were calculated. Multiple regression analysis, controlling for all possible biases, demonstrated one cementless implant as superior to all others. We believe that the use of mailed questionnaires is a simple and convenient system of follow-up, saving patients the need for outpatient clinic visits. The validity of such replies, however, has yet to be established.

This article highlights factors that may cause bias in individual controlled trials or meta-analysis of zidovudine (AZT) in HIV disease. The overall benefit of AZT and antiretroviral drug combinations in the progression of HIV disease is probably greater than has been or can ever be shown in an ethical controlled trial.

This descriptive analysis examines prescribing trends of antidepressants in English primary care, providing analysis of NHS reimbursement data for groups of antidepressants between 1989 and 1994. Prescribing trends seem unaffected by the release of information on the effectiveness and costeffectiveness of antidepressant drugs. We found that simple distribution of the results of health technology assessments may not be sufficient to influence practice.